Transcript Cell Cycle revisited

In humans, billions of cells
die each day
Cells die in two ways:
1.Necrosis
2.Apoptosis
Necrosis: occurs when cells
are damaged by poisons or
are starved of essential
nutrients
Necrosis of plant life
Apoptosis: series of events
that cause programmed cell
death (the body forces the
cell to die)
Should you be worried about
cell death? Why or why not?
Use cell cycle in your
response.
Cell Cycle Revisited
•3 parts- Interphase, Mitosis
and Cytokenesis
Interphase
Cytokenesis
Cell Cycle Revisited
•Continuous cell division
process
Cell Cycle Revisited
•Replace/repairs dead cells
with new cells
Cells
Dead cell
New cell
When things go right:
•Healing process works
•Growth occurs
Development of life from one
cell to many:
Cell Cycle Errors
•Chromosomes failing to line up
in the center in metaphase
•Pairs of chromosomes fail
to separate from each other
in anaphase
When errors occur, the body
reacts by forcing the cell to die
through apoptosis
Why would the body force a
cell that has an error in it to
die (apoptosis)? Use apoptosis
in your answer.
Apoptosis rids
the body of
dead and
diseased cells.
(Like getting
rid of trash)
When apoptosis does not work:
Out of total people in
United States:
•1 in 3 will have cancer
(33%)
•1 in 5 will die of cancer
(20%)
Cancer
:A major chronic
disease resulting from
uncontrolled cell
growth
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Childhood
AIDS-Related Cancers
AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Anal Cancer
Appendix Cancer
Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebellar
Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral
Basal Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)
Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic
Bladder Cancer
Bladder Cancer, Childhood
Bone Cancer, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Adult
Brain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Ependymoma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Medulloblastoma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Childhood (Other)
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer and Pregnancy
Breast Cancer, Childhood
Breast Cancer, Male
Bronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, Childhood
Burkitt Lymphoma
Carcinoid Tumor, Childhood
Carcinoid Tumor,Gastrointestinal
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
Central Nervous System Lymphoma, Primary
Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood
Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Childhood
Cervical Cancer
Childhood Cancers
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
Colon Cancer
Colorectal Cancer, Childhood
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
Endometrial Cancer
Ependymoma, Childhood
Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal Cancer, Childhood
Ewing Family of Tumors
Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Childhood
Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer
Eye Cancer, Intraocular Melanoma
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
Gallbladder Cancer
Gastric (Stomach) Cancer
Gastric (Stomach) Cancer, Childhood
Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial, Childhood Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal
Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian
Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
Glioma, Adult
Glioma, Childhood Brain Stem
Glioma, Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma
Glioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Head and Neck Cancer
Parathyroid Cancer
Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary)
Penile Cancer
Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood (Primary)
Pharyngeal Cancer
Hodgkin Lymphoma, Adult
Pheochromocytoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma, Childhood
Pineoblastoma and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors,
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Childhood
Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, Childhood
Pituitary Tumor
Intraocular Melanoma
Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma
Islet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Pregnancy and Breast Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Kidney Cancer, Childhood
Prostate Cancer
Laryngeal Cancer
Rectal Cancer
Laryngeal Cancer, Childhood
Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer
Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Adult
Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, Childhood
Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Childhood
Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell Cancer
Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Adult
Retinoblastoma
Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Childhood
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood
Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
Salivary Gland Cancer
Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous
Salivary Gland Cancer, Childhood
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
Sarcoma, Ewing Family of Tumors
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer
Sarcoma, Kaposi
Liver Cancer, Adult (Primary)
Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Adult
Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary)
Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Childhood
Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell
Sarcoma, Uterine
Lung Cancer, Small Cell
Sézary Syndrome
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)
Lymphoma, Burkitt
Skin Cancer, Childhood
Lymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
Skin Cancer (Melanoma)
Lymphoma, Hodgkin, Adult
Skin Carcinoma, Merkel Cell
Lymphoma, Hodgkin, Childhood
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Adult
Small Intestine Cancer
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Childhood
Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Adult
Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood
Macroglobulinemia, Waldenström
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone and Osteosarcoma
Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, Metastatic
Medulloblastoma, Childhood
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Melanoma
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer, Childhood
Melanoma, Intraocular (Eye)
Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
Mesothelioma, Adult Malignant
Testicular Cancer
Mesothelioma, Childhood
Throat Cancer
Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary
Thymoma, Childhood
Mouth Cancer
Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Childhood
Thyroid Cancer
Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm
Thyroid Cancer, Childhood
Mycosis Fungoides
Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Trophoblastic Tumor, Gestational
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases
Unknown Primary Site, Carcinoma of, Adult
Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic
Unknown Primary Site, Cancer of, Childhood
Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Acute
Unusual Cancers of Childhood
Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Acute
Ureter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell Cancer
Myeloma, Multiple
Urethral Cancer
Myeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic
Uterine Cancer, Endometrial
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Uterine Sarcoma
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Vaginal Cancer
Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Childhood
Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood
Neuroblastoma
Vulvar Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Adult
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Childhood
Wilms Tumor
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Oral Cancer, Childhood
Oral Cavity Cancer, Lip and
Oropharyngeal Cancer
Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone
Ovarian Cancer, Childhood
Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor
Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer, Childhood
Pancreatic Cancer, Islet Cell
Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
•Normal cell growth
takes about 20 hrs
•Normal cells layer next
to each other when they
come into contact with
another cell
Normal cell growth:
Single layer cells
(side by side)
Cancer cell
Write the differences you saw in normal cells
(top) and cancer cells (bottom). Use cancer
Cancerous
and normal cells in your answer.
cells do not
act the same
as normal
cells.
•Cancer cells have a faster cell
cycle (less than 20 hours)
•Cancer cells allow other cells
to layer atop, below, and
accumulate (group up)
•When cells accumulate, a
tumor is formed
Tumor
There are two types of tumors:
1.Benign
2.Malignant
Benign tumors:
•Mass of cells that grow slowly
•Not cancerous
•Can be removed and do not usually
come back
•Cells in benign tumors do not spread;
stay near 1st damaged cell
•Can cause damage by pressing on other
parts of body
Malignant tumors
•Mass of cells that are capable
of rapid growth (depends on
cancer type)
•Cancerous
•Invade other cells and spread
What are some differences
between benign and
malignant tumors? Write
your answer using the words
benign and malignant.
Ear tumor
Frontal lobe tumor
(brain cancer)
Therapy :1846, "medical treatment of disease," from
Mod.L. therapia, from Gk. therapeia "curing, healing,"
from therapeuein "to cure, treat." Therapist formed 1886;
earlier therapeutist(1816), especially of psychotherapy
practitioners from c.1930s.
Treatments for cancer
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy: using
radiation to kill cancer cells and
shrink tumors
Destroys cancer cells by
destroying DNA of the cells.
Normal cells usually recover
easily after radiation exposure.
Two types of radiation therapy:
1.External- radiation source
outside the body
2.Internal- radiation source
implanted near the tumor
Pros: shrinks and destroys
cancerous cells, targeted cells
limit damage to rest of body
Cons: fatigue, diarrhea, alopecia,
constant vomiting, and skin
changes
Chemotherapy: using
chemicals to kill cancer cells
Administered in 6 ways:
Injection at site
Intra-arterial (arteries)
Intraperitoneal (stomach area)
Intravenous (vein)
Topically (skin cream)
Orally (pill form)
Pros: with the right chemicals, cancer
is cured, controlled, and symptoms
eased
Cons: fatigue, bleeding, diarrhea, flu,
loss of appetite, alopecia, infertility,
pain, changes in normal body function
A day with roger
Chemotherapy
basics
Family and friends support