Transcript 12 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

Chapter 12 Lecture
Health: The Basics
Tenth Edition
Reducing Your Risk of
Cardiovascular Disease
and Cancer
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
• Cardiovascular disease describes diseases of
the heart and blood vessels.
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High blood pressure
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Heart failure
Stroke
Congenital defects
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Understanding the Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system includes the heart, arteries,
arterioles (small arteries), veins, venules (small veins),
and capillaries (minute blood vessels).
– Atria are the heart's two upper chambers, which receive blood.
– Ventricles are the heart's two lower chambers, which pump
blood through the blood vessels.
– Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for
the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.
– Arterioles are branches of arteries.
– Veins carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the
body.
– Venules are branches of veins.
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The Heart: A Mighty Machine
• Components
– Four chambers
• Two upper chambers are called atria.
• Two lower chambers are called ventricles.
• Valves regulate the flow of blood.
• Heart Function
– Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
– From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle.
– Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs,
where it receives oxygen.
– Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of
heart.
– Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle.
– The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body
parts.
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Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerosis (CAD— coronary artery
disease)
– Arteriosclerosis
– Hyperlipidemia
– Inflammatory risk
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
– Atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities,
such as in the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms
• Plaque is the buildup of deposits in the arteries.
• Ischemia is a reduced supply of oxygen to a
body part or organ.
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Cardiovascular Diseases
• Angina Pectoris
– Ischemia—condition that reduces the heart's blood
and oxygen supply
– People with ischemia often suffer angina pectoris, or
chest pain and pressure.
– Treatments include calcium channel blockers or betablockers.
• Arrhythmias
– Irregularity in heart rhythm
• Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heartbeat.
• Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heartbeat.
– Fibrillation, sporadic, quivering pattern
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Cardiovascular Diseases
• Heart Failure
– Also known as congestive heart failure, there are about 670,000
new cases each year.
– Underlying causes include high blood pressure, rheumatic fever,
pneumonia, heart attack, or other CVD problems.
• Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
– Seven million Americans suffer strokes every year; almost
136,000 people die each year from strokes.
– Blood supply to brain is interrupted.
– Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the
blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment.
• Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis or
numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred
vision, slurred speech, and others.
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Hypertension
• Sustained high blood pressure is often called the
"silent killer" because it has few symptoms.
• One in three adults has higher than optimal
blood pressure.
• Measured by systolic pressure, the upper
number, indicating pressure on the walls of the
arteries when the heart contracts, and diastolic
pressure, the lower number that measures
pressure on arterial walls during the relaxation
phase of heart activity.
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Reducing Your CVD Risks
• Modifiable Risks
– Avoid tobacco.
– Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol.
• Reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
• Increase high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
• Reduce triglycerides.
– Maintain a healthy weight.
– Exercise regularly.
– Control diabetes.
– Control blood pressure.
– Manage stress.
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Bypass Surgery and Angioplasty
• Coronary bypass surgery helps patients who
suffer from coronary blockages or heart attacks.
• In bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from
another site in the patient's body and implanted
to "bypass" blocked coronary arteries.
• Angioplasty uses a balloon to open the artery to
allow blood to flow more freely.
• Angioplasty carries fewer risks and may be more
effective in selected cases than bypass surgery.
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Can Aspirin Help Heart Disease?
• Low doses of aspirin (75 to 81 mg) may
reduce the risk of heart attack in men aged
45–79 and reduce the risk of stroke in
women aged 55–79.
• Aspirin has blood-thinning properties.
• Can cause bleeding ulcers, ringing in the
ears, brain bleeding, increased surgical
bleeding risks, and other gastrointestinal
issues.
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Cancer: An Overview
• Cancer is the second leading cause of death in
the United States
• Five-year survival rates are up dramatically
• Each year, 1.6 million new cases are diagnosed;
68% will be alive 5 years from now.
• Remission means the cancer is responding to
treatment and under control.
• Patients who are cured show no subsequent
cancer in their bodies and can expect to live a
long and productive life.
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What Is Cancer?
• Uncontrolled growth and abnormal cellular
development results in a neoplasm.
• Benign tumors are harmless and consist of
ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell
or capsule that prevents them from spreading.
• Malignant tumors are not enclosed in a shell
and can spread to other organs in a process
called metastasis. Malignant cells disrupt RNA
and DNA, producing mutant cells.
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What Causes Cancer?
• Lifestyle Risks
– Tobacco use
– Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity
– Stress and psychosocial risks
• Genetic and Physiological Risks
– Genetic predisposition
– Oncogenes—cancer-causing genes that
typically stay dormant but can be activated
– Hereditary disposition
• Reproductive and Hormonal Risks
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What Causes Cancer?
• Occupational and Environmental Risks
– Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate,
benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride
– Exposure to radioactive substances
– Radiation
– Chemicals in foods
• Infectious Diseases and Cancer
– Hepatitis B and hepatitis C can cause liver
cancer
– Human papillomavirus can cause cervical
cancer
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Types of Cancer
• Categories of Cancer
– Carcinomas
– Sarcomas
– Lymphomas
– Leukemias
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Lung Cancer
• Symptoms include a persistent cough,
blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and
recurrent attacks of pneumonia or
bronchitis.
• Treatment depends on stage and includes
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
– If the cancer is localized, surgery is the
treatment of choice.
• Smoking, including secondhand smoke, is
a primary risk factor.
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Breast Cancer
• Detection:
– The earliest signs can be detected with mammograms, even
before lumps are felt.
– Regular self-examinations are key.
– Symptoms include lumps, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation,
distortion, nipple discharge, tenderness, etc.
• Treatments range from mastectomy to various
combinations of radiation and chemotherapy.
– Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)
• Risk increases with age, also includes family history of
breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late
in life, never having children, and sudden weight gain.
• Regular exercise can help prevent breast cancer.
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Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Third most common cancer in men and women
• Risk factors include older age, obesity, family history,
and colitis.
• Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal
bleeding.
• Screening tests include colonoscopy and barrier
enemas.
• Treatment consists of radiation or surgery.
• Regular exercise, a high fruit- and plant-based diet,
healthy weight, and moderate alcohol intake appear to
be protective.
• About 90% of colorectal cancers are preventable.
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Skin Cancer
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Affects over 1 million people every year
Treatable: basal or squamous
Virulent: malignant melanoma
Ninety percent of skin cancers are treated with
surgery. Radiation, electrodesiccation, and
cryosurgery are also used.
• ABCD rule about melanoma
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Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
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Types of Skin Cancers
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Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
• Having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown
hair; blue, green, or grey eyes
• Always burning before tanning, or burning
or peeling easily
• Using no or low sun protection sunscreen
or expired sunscreen
• Previous skin cancer or family history
• Severe sunburns during childhood
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Prostate Cancer
• Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males
today, excluding skin cancer, and is the second leading
cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer.
• Symptoms include weak or interrupted urine flow,
difficulty starting or stopping urination; urge to urinate
frequently, blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or
thighs. Many men do not have symptoms in early stages.
• Risk factors include age, race, and family history.
• Eating more fruit and vegetables may help with lowering
risk.
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Ovarian Cancer
• Fifth leading cause of death in women
• Most common symptom is enlargement of the
abdomen.
– Other symptoms include fatigue, pain during
intercourse, unexplained weight loss, and changes in
bowel or bladder habits.
• Risk factors include family history, no children,
and use of fertility drugs.
• Prevention: using birth control pills, low-fat diet,
having multiple children, and regular exercise
– Having an annual pelvic exam is also important.
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Other Types of Cancer
• Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
– Regular Pap tests are crucial for early detection
– Risk: early onset of intercourse; infection with human
papillomavirus
– Warning: abnormal bleeding
• Testicular Cancer
– Ages 15 to 35 are at the greatest risk.
– Cause is unknown.
– Men with undescended testicles appear to be at the
greatest risk.
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Detecting Cancer
• The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the
better prospect there is for survival.
– Practice self-exam and checkups
– Several high-tech tools have been developed
to help detect cancer
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT
scan)
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Cancer Treatments
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Surgery to remove tumor
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Researching genes and cell mutations
Immunotherapy
Cancer-fighting vaccines
Stem cell research
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