Transcript Tobacco Use - Southeastern Louisiana University

20th Century
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World War 1 (soldier’s relief)
1920’s beginning of heavy marketing
World War II
Marlboro Man
1964 Smoking linked to cancer
1971 advertisements banned from TV
1997 tobacco companies held liable for
health problems of users.
Tobacco Use
• Results from the 1998 NHSDA:
– An estimated 60 million (27.7%) Americans
were current cigarette users
– Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to use alcohol and illicit drugs.
– An estimated 3.1% of the population are
smokeless tobacco users
– An estimated 6.9% were cigar smokers
Adolescents and Tobacco Use
• An estimated 4.1 million youth (12-17) were
current smokers.
• 41.6% of young adults (18-25) were current
smokers.
Race
• Approximately 25% of African-Americans,
Caucasians, and Hispanics were current smokers.
Gender
• Males had a slightly higher rate than females
(29% vs. 27%)
Regional Differences
• North Central 32%; South 28%;
North East 25%; and West 24%
• Urban vs. Rural
– Large Metropolitan Areas -26%
– Small Metropolitan Areas -27%
– Non-Metropolitan Areas - 30%
Louisiana Ranking
• Louisiana Ranks 19th in the Nation
with regard to cigarette smoking
(1992-1993).
• New cases of lung cancer annually3000.
• Direct Medical costs related to
tobacco use - 611 million (1990).
Forms of Tobacco
• Forms
– Cigarettes
– Cigars
– Smokeless
tobacco
– Pipe tobacco
• ROA:
– Oral
– Smoke
Products of Smoking Tobacco
• Nicotine - psychoactive stimulant
• Tar -sticky material resulting from the
smoking of tobacco
• Carbon Monoxide -toxic gas that
prevents blood cells from carrying
oxygen from the lungs
What is Nicotine
• Nicotine is one of 4000 chemicals found in the
smoke from tobacco.
• One of the most frequently used substances
and is one the most addictive.
• 1 Cigarette contains approximately 10 mg of
nicotine; 1 to 2 mg are available in the smoke.
• Nicotine is absorbed through the skin, mouth,
nose and/or lungs.
What is Nicotine
• Cigarette smoking delivers nicotine
to the brain in approximately 10
seconds.
• Cigar and pipe smokers typically
absorb nicotine through the mucus
membranes of the mouth.
Effects of Nicotine
• Initial stimulation of adrenal glands
resulting in the release of epinephrine.
Results in an increase in heart rate,
respiration, and blood pressure.
• Nicotine also causes the release of dopamine
resulting in the activation of the parts of the
brain responsible for pleasure.
Nicotine and Withdrawal
• Nicotine is metabolized quickly in the body.
• Nicotine users develop tolerance.
• Withdrawal symptoms:
– irritability, craving, cognitive deficits, sleep
disturbances, increased appetite.
• Symptoms start within a few hours and peak
within the first few days.
• 90% of smokers who try to quit without
treatment will fail.
Cost of Tobacco Use
Life
Tobacco use kills more than 430,000 people
annually - More than alcohol, cocaine, heroin, car
accidents, fire, and AIDS combined.
Economics
Smoking is responsible for over 50 million
dollars in health care costs annually
Medical Consequences (1)
• Tobacco use accounts for 1/3 of all cancers.
• Cigarette smoking is linked to 90% of all
lung cancer cases.
• Cardiovascular Disease (stroke, heart
attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm).
• 1/5 of all cardiovascular deaths are
attributable to smoking.
Medical Consequences (2)
• Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and
emphysema
Second Hand Smoke
• 3,000 annual deaths due to lung cancer in
non-smokers.
• 40,000 deaths related to cardiovascular
disease in non-smokers
Smoking and Pregnancy
• Interferes with the oxygen supply of
the fetus
• Developmental delays after birth
• Smokers are at a greater risk of
premature delivery.
• Decrease in infant birth weigh
Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer
• Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx
accounts for about 3% of all new cancer
cases annually (30,500 per year).
• Only 50% of those diagnosed with oral
cancer will be alive 5 years later.
• The risk of developing oral cancer is 50%
higher for smokeless tobacco users.
Treatment
• Nicotine Replacement Treatments (gum,
inhalers, the “patch”.
• Non-Nicotine Therapies are used for
relief from withdrawal symptoms
(Zyban)
• Behavioral Treatment