Transcript Treatment
Chapter 12
Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells or
tissue that can lead to death.
Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose.
Benign versus malignant tumors
Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents
their penetration of other tissues.
Malignant tumor: (Neoplasm) cancerous, can invade surrounding
tissues.
Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow
and divide when it should not.
Chapter 12
2
Metastasis: Primary tumor
Definition: the spreading of cancer cells, occurs
because cancer cells do not stick to each other as
strongly as normal cells.
▪ Cells break away from primary tumor and invade
surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and
lymphatic system.
▪ Secondary tumor or metastases
Chapter 12
3
Classified according to the types of cells.
▪ Initially retain some of the original properties of the host cell.
▪ Carcinomas - most common - arises from the epithelial tissue
that cover body surfaces. Linings, tubes, cavities and secretion
glands.
▪ Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous tissues. Bone, muscle,
cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat.
▪ Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes (neck, armpit, and
groin).
▪ Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow.
Chapter 12
5
1.4 million Americans are diagnosed yearly
More than half will be cured.
About 40% will die as a result of cancer.
1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be develop cancer
during their lifetime.
American Cancer Society estimates
90% of skin cancer could have been prevented
87% of lung cancer could have been prevented
Chapter 12
6
Chapter 12
7
Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.
162,000 deaths per year
Risk Factors
▪ Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
▪ Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by a factor of 10.
Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect)
▪ Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive
stage.
▪ Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis.
▪ Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiber-optic
bronchosectomy.
Chapter 12
8
9
Treatment:
Difficult to treat.
Caught early treated by surgery
▪ Only 16% are detected prior to
spreading
▪ Radiation and chemotherapy are
used in addition
Detected early 50% of patients
are alive for approximately 5
more years.
Overall the survival rate is only
15%
Chapter 12
10
Second leading cancer causing
death.
Risk Factors
▪ Directly linked to diet and
genetic predisposition.
▪ 90% occurs after 50 yr. of age.
▪ Heredity
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Up to 1/3 of the population is
genetically prone.
Detection and Treatment
▪ Diet low in fat and High in fiber
▪ Screening
▪ Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Chapter 12
11
Second most common cancer in women
Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer
1:7 American women will develop it during her lifetime (213,000).
1:30 Will die from the disease (41,000 deaths).
Risk Factors
Most common in women over 50
▪ 5 year survival rate is 79%
▪ Common causes: Genetic predisposition, High fat, High calorie diet
and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use, early onset of menstruation,
First child after 30 and obesity
▪ Estrogen-cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
▪
http://www.videojug.com/interview/breast-cancer-basics
Chapter 12
12
Detection and Treatment
Early detection.
▪ Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
▪ Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
▪ Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
▪ Over 50 every year.
Treatment
▪ Ultrasonography
▪ Biopsied
Survival rate
▪ 98% if the cells did not metastasized
▪ 88% for all stages at 5 years
▪ 80% at 10 years
Chapter 12
13
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUoqsBxgXWI
Most common cancer in men.
235,000 new cases per year
More than 27,000 deaths per year
Risk Factors
▪ Age
▪ Diet
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Genetic predisposition
Early detection is key. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood test
Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate and radiation
Survival
▪ All stages near 100% after 5 years
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5103355n
Chapter 12
15
Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
▪ Most cases stem from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
▪ Smoking
▪ Infection by genital herpes
Cervical cancer most common in women in their 20’s and 30’s.
▪ Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex partners,
cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic status.
Screening:
▪ PAP Test
▪ Cervical dysplasia
▪ All sexually active women ages 18-65 should be tested
Treatment
▪ Surgery
Chapter 12
17
Uterine, or Endometrial:
Occurs after 55
Risk factors similar to breast cancer
Determined by Pelvic Exam
Treatment is surgery
Ovarian Cancer:
Difficult to detect and diagnosis, No warning signs
Family history or genetic factors
Determined
▪ Pelvic Exam
▪ Blood test – tumor marker called CA-125
Treatment is surgery & radiation
Chapter 12
18
Most common form
1 million cases per year
62,000 are melanoma
Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during
childhood
Common cause - sunburns and
suntans
Types:
▪ Squamous and basal cell
carcinomas
▪ Melanoma - more dangerous
form
Prevention
▪ Avoid long term overexposure to
sunlight
▪ Blistering and peeling sunburns
Detection and Treatment
▪ ABCD screen test
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsznOhIs-6E
Chapter 12
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=5661274
19
Squamous cell carcinoma
Chapter 12
Basal cell carcinoma on cheek
20
Moles vs. Melanoma
Melanoma
The Role of DNA
Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
▪ Each controls the way a cell will work
▪ A gene
DNA Mutations and Cancer
Changes the way the cells function
Mutagens – radiation, certain viruses and
chemical substances
Oncogenes – a gene involved in the
transformation of a normal cell into cancer
Tumor suppressor genes – type of
oncogene that restrains cellular growth
Chapter 12
23
Dietary Fat and Meat
High in fat and meat has a direct impact of rates of
cancers.
Alcohol
Fried Foods
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
▪
▪
▪
▪
Chapter 12
Anticarcinogens
Carotenoids
Antioxidants versus Free radicals
Phytochemicals
24
Ingested Chemicals
Environmental and Industrial pollution
Radiation - UV rays or man made
Chapter 12
25
Detecting:
Diagnosing:
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or
discharge
Biopsy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed tomography (CT)
Ultrasonography
Treatment:
Self-monitoring
CAUTION acronym
Change in bowel/bladder
habits
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
New and Experimental:
Gene therapy
Bone marrow and Stem Cell
transplants
Biological therapies
Proteasome inhibitors
Enzyme activators/blockers
Chapter 12
Thickening of tissues
(schlerotic change)
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing
Obvious change in a
wart/mole
Nagging cough
http://video.healthination.com/answers/cancer-treatments.html
26
Lifestyle choices
Avoid tobacco
Controlling diet and weight
Regular exercise
Protecting skin from the sun
Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens
Recommended screening tests
Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
Chapter 12
27
Chapter 12 Connect Worksheet Due on
Wednesday, December 5th