Transcript Nuclear Medicine and Cancer

Radioisotopes:
Finding and Killing
Cancer
By Maddie P, Rosie M, and
Natasha A
What is Nuclear Medicine?
• Nuclear medicine is a
way to diagnose and
treat diseases using
radioactive
substances11
• One of its most
common uses it
diagnosing and
treating cancer11
• It allows doctors to
detect problems
within the body
without having to do
invasive surgery11
• To diagnose,
machines use
properties of
radioactive elements
to create an image of
the body11
• to treat Cancer
doctors uses
radiation11
What is Cancer?
• Cancer is a disease
where abnormal cells
divide uncontrollably8
• There are many
different types of
cancer8
• In some types of
cancer, the abnormal
cells spread to other
parts of the body8
• Normal cells divide,
and when a cell is old
or damaged it dies8
• In cancer, the
mutated cells keep
dividing instead of
dying and they create
a tumor8
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/what-is-cancer
How Cancer is Detected
• Doctors give a patient radioisotopes by
injection, inhalation, or orally1
• The radioisotopes will spread and gather
in certain parts of the body2
• By using PET, SPECT, gamma cameras,
bone scanners, and other machines an
image of the body can be created based
on the properties of the radioactive
element and where it is gathering in the
body9
• These machines sense the gamma
rays(energy) which are being given off3
How Cancer is Detected
• Doctors choose
different isotopes
depending of
where they think
the cancer is2
• Some isotopes
would not have an
effect in certain
parts of the body2
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/PET-scan.jpg
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.petimagingflorida.com/images/pet_scan.jpg.
Common Radioisotopes Used to Detect
Cancer1
Type of Isotope
Technetium-99
What type of Cancer
it Detects
Brain Tumors
Iodine-131
Thyroid Cancer
Phosphorus-32
Skin Cancer
Holmium-166
Liver Cancer
Gallium-68
Pancreatic Cancer
Nuclear Decay Equations!
•
32 P
15
•
68 Ga
31
32
0 e
S+
16
-1
68
0 e
Zn+
30
-1
Treating Cancer
• Once the cancer has been found it is treated
using radiation3
• The radiation damages the cancer cells when
it gives of large amounts of energy4
• Radiation is not harmful to the patient
because
– The radioisotopes used have a short half life, so
the patient is not affected for very long5
– It is minimally invasive11
– Healthy cells are less affected by the radiation
then the cancer cells are5
Treating Cancer
• Radioisotopes
damages rapidly
dividing cancer
cells because they
are sensitive to
and easily
damaged by
radiation3
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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://ccmb.marshillgroup.com/resource/Image/medical%20physics/Isocentric_Tx.jpg
Different Types of Radiation
• Skin Cancer is treated using External Beam Radiation
Therapy (Teletherapy) 10
– This type of radiation uses low energy radiation and
focuses it on the cancer10
– The machines used areorthovoltage x-ray machines,
Cobalt-60 machines, linear accelerators, proton beam
machines, and neutron beam machines12
• Cancers in the eye, head, neck, and uterus are treated
using Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy)13
– In Brachytherapy radiation is placed close to the cancer in
a seed, wire, or rod13
– This can be used with Teletherapy to give an extra boost of
radiation to the large mass of cancer cells13
During Cancer Treatment
• During treatment doctors use machines
like gamma cameras to make sure the
cancer is regressing
• Radioactive tracers like Copper-64,
Iodine-124, and Flourine-18 are used to
trace the cancer
• During these procedures the size and
shape of the cancer can be determined
• If the cancer is not regressing doctors
know that they must try a different type of
radiation
Disadvantages to Nuclear Medicine
• Healthy cells that reproduce rapidly,
like hair, can be killed during
radiation. This causes hair to fall out5
• It is very expensive7
• The radioisotopes can be dangerous
to handle and dispose of7
• The procedures must be fast because
the radioisotopes have a short half
life7
• Pregnant women can not be treated
• Allergic reactions can occur7
• Radiation can not treat all cancers
because sometimes it needs to be
http://frenchquarterradiationfreecom/img/dangerrads.
combined with surgery or
chemotherapy7
QuickTime™ and a
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Common Radioisotopes in Treating Cancer1
Radioisotope
Cancer Used to Treat
Techtinium-99
Holomium-166
Liver disorders, brain
tumors
Liver Tumors
Iodine-131
Thyroid Cancer
Cesium-137, and Cobalt-60 are used to
destroy other types of cancer
More Nuclear Decay Equations!
•
99 Tc
43
•
166 Ho
67
•
131 I
53
99
0 e
Ru+
44
-1
166
131
0 e
Er+
68
-1
0 e
Xe+
54
-1e
Bibliography
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<ihttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html>.
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7Commitee,
More Bibliography
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C. . "HowStuffWorks "How Nuclear Medicine Works"." HowStuffWorks - Learn How
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(American College Of Radiology. "Positron Emission Tomography – Computed Tomography
(PET/CT) Scanning." Radioology Info. 16 Sep. 2008. 31 Oct. 2008 <www.radiologyinfo.org/en/pdf/PET.pdf
12Commitee,
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