Transcript NATS1311_082108_bw - The University of Texas at Dallas

NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth
Dr. Phillip Anderson
NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth
Fall 2008
– INSTRUCTOR:
– Dr. Phillip C. Anderson 972-883-2875 — Room ECSN2.926 (and WSTC
2.716)
email: [email protected]
– TEACHING ASSISTANTS:
– Lecture: Yuan-Jung (Michael) Chang 469-222-0045 — Room
ESCN2.808
email: [email protected]
– Labs: Hengji Zhang – Room ESCN2.804
– OFFICE HOURS:
– Dr. Anderson: Tuesday/Thursday 10:00 AM – 11:00 PM and by appointment
– TAs - TBD
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Fall 2008
TEXT:
– The Cosmic Perspective: Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, Voit, 4th Edition
– Slides will be available on web at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000
GRADING:
– Exams (3)
2 Exams(Sep 23, Oct 30) @ 25% each
= 50%
Final Exam (Dec 16 @ 8am)
= 30%
– Quizzes
= 10%
Short quizzes may be given during any class period
– Homework
= 10%
– ATTENDANCE WILL BE MANDATORY.
A seating chart will be made on the second day of class and
attendance will be taken from this chart. It will be used to decide
whether to raise or lower grades on the cusp.
– There will be no extra credit work available. Your grade will depend on the
above evaluations.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Please take your seat in one of the first eight rows.
This will be your assigned seat where you will sit throughout the semester.
Role will be taken based on this seating.
Follow the links to each class’s notes(at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000)
They will be available at least the day before the class.
Any movies in the notes will be separated out and put in a separate
directory. They can be played with Quicktime.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
For the benefit of your fellow students and your instructors, please
practice common courtesy with regard to all class interactions.
– Please be sure your cell phone is OFF.
– Be on time for class.
– Do not leave class early. Attendance may be checked at any time.
– If you must miss a class inform Dr. Anderson in advance by phone
or e-mail.
– Please do not use your laptops and the wireless network to play
games, attend chat rooms, etc… It is important to pay attention in
class. We will move quickly and each new topic will build on
concepts previously covered. If you fall behind at any time, you will
find it difficult to catch up. Quizzes may by given at any time and
may cover topics from the current or a previous class.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Exams and Quizzes
The exams will be held on September 23rd and October 30th.
The final will be on December 16 @ 8:00 AM.
We will have 1 or 2 optional review sessions before each exam.
There will be ~10 quizzes. I will drop the worst three.
The exams and quizzes will deal only with subjects covered in class.
However, you should read the relevant portions of the text before
and/or after class as they will provide you with more detailed
descriptions of the covered subjects. A slightly different description may
also give you a better understanding of the subject matter.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
This course can be a fun and rewarding experience. Few topics have
inspired humans throughout the ages so much as the mysteries of the
heavens. You will be provided with the opportunity to explore these
mysteries in depth and learn about many important concepts from
physics and astronomy using some simple mathematics. We will be
occasionally
performing
laboratory
experiments
in
class
demonstrating relevant principles of physics.
However, it is also a demanding course. We will move quickly and
each new topic will build on concepts previously covered. If you fall
behind at any time, you will find it difficult to catch up. You are
expected to pay attention in class and study for every class. We may
have quizzes at any time.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
FALL 2008 - HOMEWORK PROJECT
Select an atticle from a newspaper or a news magazine dealing with science and its
relationship with society, that is, with the environment, weather, global warming, space
exploration, health, dna, genetic engineering, etc.
Articles dealing with purely social issues will not be accepted.
Write a report on the article. The report must contain:
1. Title of the article.
2. Name of publication (Dallas Morning News, New York Times, Time,
Newsweek. Reports from the internet are acceptable.
3. Date of publication.
4.
5.
A paragraph of two or three sentences on the main theme of the article and
how it relates to a current science issue.
Your name and assigned seat number in the upper right hand corner.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
FALL 2008 — HOMEWORK PROJECT
Attach a copy of the article to the report. Please staple the
article to the report before coming to class. We do not
have a stapler in class.
Reports are due every Thursday starting on August 28
with the last one due on December 4.
Late reports will not be accepted. A report is considered
late if not handed in by the end of class (10:45 am) on
the date due.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SYLLABUS - Fall 2008
Cha
pter
1.
2.
Introduction • Overview of the mysteries of the Universe
• Exploration of Nature, Science –
A Way of Knowing
• Fundamental quantities
• Measurement units
• Scales of distances
1
The Sky and the Calendar
2/3
• Coordinate Systems – Celestial Sphere
• Motions of earth – Rotation, Revolution, Precession
• Eclipses
• Time – Day, Year, Calendar
• Seasons
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SYLLABUS - Fall 2008
Chapter
3. The Universe – A sense of time.
• Early Models of the Universe
— Greek Astronomers - Ptolemaic Model
— Heliocentric Model - Copernicus, Tyco Brahe,
•
3
The Origin of Modern Astronomy
— Galileo, Kepler
— Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
4. The Material World
• Particles of Matter – Atoms, Atomic Structure
• Atomic Spectra – Hydrogen Atom
• What is Inside the Atom?
• The Nucleus – Geochronology, Stability,
• Radioactivity, Fission, Fusion
4
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SYLLABUS - Fall 2008
Chapter
5.
Order in the Universe – Newton
•
Motion - Velocity, Acceleration
•
Force, Work, Energy, Power
•
Newton’s Laws of Motion
•
Gravity, Tides
5
6.
Exploring the Universe
•
Waves and wave motion
•
Electromagnetic radiation, Spectrum
•
Light
•
Radiation – Black Body, Planck’s Law
•
Wien and Stefan-Boltzmann Law
•
Telescopes and Observatories
6,7
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SYLLABUS - Fall 2008
Chapter
7.
8.
The Solar System
• Overview
• Planetary Geology - Terrestrial Planets –
Mercury, Venus, Mars
• Planetary atmospheres
• Jovian Planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, Pluto
• Comets, Meteorites, Asteroids
• Life in the Universe
The Sun
Properties of the sun
Energy production
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SYLLABUS - Fall 2008
Chapter
9. The Stars
•
•
•
•
•
Magnitudes, Color temperature
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Birth, Youth and Middle age of Stars
Death of Stars
White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes
11. Cosmology, Big Bang Theory, Missing Mass
16,17
18
23
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
NATS 1111 - From the Cosmos to Earth Lab
Syllabus - FALL 2008
The NATS 1111 lab is to be taken concurrently with NATS 1311 – From the
Cosmos to the Earth. It consists of seven laboratory experiments and one
project to be performed throughout the semester off campus. These
experiments are fun, thought provoking, and demonstrate many important
concepts from physics and astronomy. Grading will be based on
attendance and lab reports. We will have labs every other week with a
project to be performed at home. There will also be two opportunities to
make up missed labs. Labs will not be accepted late without prior
arrangements
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Experiments
1. Cubes – Learn about deductive reasoning.
2. Measurement and Prediction - Explore the necessity for accurate and
reliable data from measurements in order to make predictions. Measure
the density of several objects.
3. Conservation of Energy/Momentum - Study laws of conservation of
momentum and energy. Determine speed of a ball by 2 different methods.
Find percentage difference between the two values of speed.
4. Spectral Lines - Observe and record spectra from several light sources.
Become familiar with Kirchhoff’s Laws
5. Lenses/Telescope - Study the characteristics of lenses and mirrors.
Combine lenses to make a telescope.
6. Pressure of the Atmosphere - Determine the relationship, i.e., the
formula, between the pressure and volume of a confined sample of air.
7. Star charts – Learn how to use constellation charts.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Project (choose one):
8a. Sunrise/sunset – Plot the location and time of the sun at sunrise or
sunset (once per week).
8b. Moon location/phases - Plot the location and phase of moon over
complete synodic month, i. e., from new moon to new moon (every
other day).
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Lab Project 8a
1. Find a location from where you can observe either the sunrise or sunset. Note
some landmarks, such as trees or light poles, etc. Make a sketch of the location and
on the sketch plot the position on the horizon that the sun either rises or sets (morning
or evening). Record the date and the time when you first see the sun rise or last see it
set. Do this about once per week consistent with weather conditions. You MUST
have at least 3 months of observations.
2. Write a three to four page paper on:
A. How and where you made your observations.
B. How did the sunrise or sunset position change with time?
C. How fast did it change? Was the change uniform over the three month
period?
D. Why did the sunrise or sunset position move as you observed it.
E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you solve
those problems?
3.
The project is to be turned in at the final on December 16.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Lab Project 8b
1. Plot the location and phase of moon over a complete synodic month, e.g., from
new moon to new moon on an all-sky diagram as shown below. In an all-sky
diagram, zenith is at the center and the edge of the circle is the horizon with the
compass points indicated as in the figure. Estimate the compass direction of the
moon (use a compass or the north star) and the angle of the moon above the
horizon. Plot its location on the diagram using:
(distance from edge of the circle to moon location)/radius = (angle above
the horizon)/90
location around circle = cardinal direction (N,S,E,W)
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
In the example in the diagram, the moon is in the southeast, 30 degrees
above the horizon.
Draw a picture of the moon at the location as it appears, in other words its
phase. Do it at the same time every night. Obviously there will be times
when the weather does not cooperate but there should be at least 15
nights in which you perform the observation.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
2. Write a three to four page paper on:
A.
How and where you made your observations.
B.
How did the moon’s position and appearance change with time?
C. How fast did they change? Was the change uniform over the
observation period?
D.
Why did the moon’s position and appearance move as you observed it?
E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you
solve those problems?
3. The project is to be turned in at the final on December 16.
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
ENGLISH
Developed in England – Used in the
United States
METRIC
Developed after the French Revolution
(1791)
INTERNATIONAL (SI Systéme International
d'Unités)
The modern version of the metric
system - formally established in 1960
by the International Conference on
Weights and Measures
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
QUANTITY
UNIT
Length
Meter
DEFINITION
Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
during 1/299,792,458 second
Mass
Kilogram =1000 grams
Kilogra
1 gram = mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water at
m
4C.
Time
Second
Time for a cesium atom to make
9,192,631,770 vibrations
Force
Newton
Force to accelerate 1 kilogram by 1 meter per
second per second
Energy
Joule
Amount of work done by a force of 1 Newton
acting over a distance of 1 meter
Temperature
Kelvin
1/273 of temperature of freezing point of water
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
SCALES OF DISTANCE
Astronomical
Unit
AU Average distance between the Earth and the Sun
Light Year
LY
Parsec
PC Distance of an object that would have a stellar
parallax of 1 Second of Arc
1 PC = 3.26 LY = 206,000 AU
Angstrom
A
Nanometer
nm A distance of 10-9 meter or 10-7 cm
Visible light has wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm
Distance light travels in one Year
1 LY = 186,000 Miles/Second x 31,500,000
Seconds = 5.8 x 1012 Miles
A distance of 1x10-8 cm
Visible Light has wavelengths from 4000 to 7000 A
Note that from henceforth, we will use metric units:
1 mile = 1.61 km
1 foot = 0.305 m
1 inch = 2.54 cm
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
1,000,000,000
109
giga
G
1,000,000
106
mega
M
1,000
103
kilo
k
100
102
hecto
h
10
101
deka
da
1
100
-
-
0.1
10-1
deci
d
0.01
10-2
centi
c
0.001
10-3
milli
m
0.000001
10-6
micro

0.000000001
10-9
nano
n
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Our Place in the Cosmos
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Light Travel Time
From Earth to the Moon
From Earth to the Sun
From the Sun to Jupiter
From the Sun to Saturn
our natural satellite
the centre of our Solar System
the largest planet
the furthest naked eye planet
the furthest of the Sun's
From the Sun to Pluto
planets
From the Sun to Alpha Centauri
the nearest star to us
From the Sun to Sirius
the brightest star in our sky
Distance where the Sun would no longer be visible to naked eye
From the Sun to Polaris
the north pole star
From the Sun to the Galactic
the centre of our Galaxy
centre
Galactic diameter
the diameter of our Galaxy
To the Andromeda Galaxy
the nearest large galaxy
Extinction of the dinosaurs
To Q0134+329
typical quasar
Formation of the Earth and Sun
To remotest quasars
discovered in 1998
Edge of Universe
limit of observable Universe
1.25 seconds
8.3 min
41 min
85 min
5.5 hr
4.3 yr
8.6 yr
60 yr
650 yr
31,000 yr
81,500 yr
2,200,000 yr
65,000,000 yr
4,500,000,000 yr
4,700,000,000 yr
14,000,000,000 yr
15,000,000,000 yr
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
1.25 s
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
The Solar System
8.3 min
41 min
85 min
5.5 hr
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Alpha Centauri - closest star - 4.3 LY
Our Milky Way Galaxy
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
The Milky Way
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Spiral Galaxies Similar
to the Milky Way
Edge view
View from above
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
The Milky Way
The Sun is located on
the Orion spiral arm
about 30,000 LY from
the galactic center
It takes about 230 million
years for the sun to
complete one orbit around
the galactic center
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Other Galaxies in
Our Local Group
A Ring Galaxy
The Andromeda Galaxy
2.3 million LY away
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
Deep field view - about 10 billion LY away
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
 In our galaxy there are about 200 billion stars
 In our universe there are over 100 billion galaxies
There are more stars in the universe than
there are grains of sand on the Earth
NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth
If the Universe was one year old (instead of 15 billion years)
The Cosmic Calendar (Carl Sagan)