Transcript Class 5 PowerPoint - Misericordia University

Issues Related to
Distance Learning
Dr. Steve Broskoske
Misericordia University
EDU 568 Distance Education
and Hybrid Technologies
Outline
• Class Activity:
– Copyright and fair use.
– ADA and accessibility.
– Universal design for learning (UDL).
– Online plagiarism.
– Use of web pages in distance learning.
Outline
• Hands-on activity:
– Second Life.
– Zip files.
– PDF files.
Copyright and Fair Use
Which of the following
items are copyrighted?
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A song you write.
A lesson plan you write.
A book report written by a student.
A photo you take of your dog.
A family home video.
©
Any creative work anyone produces is automatically
copyrighted, whether or not he/she registers the
copyright officially. It is that person’s property.
Which of the following
items are copyrighted?
• A map of Yellowstone on the National Park
Service’s Web site.
• A map on Google maps.
• A map you draw of your neighborhood.
©
Government-supplied information is normally in the
public domain.
Which of the following
items are copyrighted?
• Original musical scores written by Mozart.
• Peter Rabbit and friends books written by
Beatrix Potter.
• Mickey Mouse materials.
©
75 years after the death of the author, the copyright
expires on a work. It then moves to the public domain.
Current performance of this work would still be
copyrighted.
What About the Following?
• A video you create and publish on YouTube.
When you publish your
creative work on a
social networking site,
you place your work
in the public domain.
What Is © Copyright?
• Copyright: A form of protection provided by
U.S. law to authors of original works.
– Gives author rights:
• Right to reproduce and distribute work.
• Right to display or perform work publicly.
• Right to prepare derivatives of original work.
• Recent alternatives to traditional copyright:
– Creative Commons.
– Copyleft.
What Is Copyrighted?
• Any creative work anyone produces (since
1978) is automatically copyrighted. You do
not need a © or any other notation.
• To reserve the right to litigation, you can
officially register your copyright with the U.S.
Copyright Office (through the Library of
Congress).
Can Anything Not Be Copyrighted?
1. Facts: You can retype facts from a
copyrighted source.
2. Public domain:
•
•
Government-provided information.
Works for which copyright has expired.
Fair Use Guidelines
• Fair Use Guidelines are part of U.S. Copyright
Act.
– Allows teachers and students ability to use
copyrighted materials for educational purposes.
©
Don’t be fooled! Quantitative rules are not part of the
law. The only true test of educational fair use is the U.S.
court system.
Fair Use Guidelines
1. Purpose and character of work.
 Must be used for teaching/learning (not for recreation).
2. Nature of work.
 Creative work vs. listing of facts.
3. Amount of work used.
 Major factor!
4. Effect of use on marketplace.
 Major factor! Did use result in lower income for author?
What Can Teachers Do?
You can…
– make copies of copyrighted material…
– show a legal copy of a DVD or video…
…for instructional use only, as long as there is no
significant loss of revenue to author.
What Can Teachers Do?
• Can I photocopy several chapters of a
textbook that our school has not
purchased? No!
• Can I purchase a PBS video and show it to
my class as part of a lesson? Yes!
• Can I copy a work and change a few
words? No!
What Can Teachers Do?
• Link to a video on YouTube or TeacherTube.
• Use resources from online databases (like Ebsco
Host).
• Use Flickr and similar Web sites to find graphics with
a Creative Commons License.
• For schools:
– License digital video for entertainment through Movie
Licensing USA.
– License video from United Streaming or Safari Montage.
What about Music?
• Music is complex. Any or all of the following
can be copyrighted:
– Musical scores.
– Words of a song.
– Performances of music.
©
Be careful! Many Web sites that tout “royalty-free”
music are liars! Remember that anyone can publish a
Web page on the Web.
What Can Teachers
Do About Music?
• Download from royalty-free sites:
– www.projectplaylist.com
– Copyrightfriendly.wikispaces.com/Copyrightfriendly+music+and+sound
– www.pdinfo.com/record.htm
– www.personal.kent.edu/~gmote/audtuts
– www.squidoo.com/freesounds
– www.pdosafeaudio.com
– www.garageband.com/htdb
– www.royaltyfreemusic.com/free-music-clips.html
Remember
• Use of duplicated copyrighted materials must
be an integral part of class.
• Movies shown as a reward do not qualify as
fair use.
• Duplicating entire copyrighted materials for
students instead of purchasing them is wrong.
• Just citing a work is not the same as having
permission to use the work.
Copyright and Teachers
in Distance Courses
• Who owns the course materials?
• Can another teacher teach the course you
developed using your materials?
• Will you get compensated for developing a
distance course?
• Will you be compensated more for teaching a
distance course?
Use of Web Pages in
Distance Learning
Web Page
• What is the purpose of a Web page for a
distance course?
• What kinds of information should be included
on a Web page for a distance learning course?
Web Pages for Distance Courses
Explore the following Web sites for distance
courses. What elements are present? What
should be included on a course Web site?
Univ. of South Florida
San Jose State Univ.
Online Plagiarism
Online Plagiarism
• The Internet has taken the old term paper
mills to a new level of convenience, tempting
students from the low achievers to even the
academically gifted.
• A teacher who is aware of the problem can
help prevent this crime by making it more
difficult for a student to commit.
How Large is the Problem?
• The online term paper industry has grown to
an unthinkable size.
• A quick search on Google for “term papers”
nets over 2,500,000 related Web pages.
• Many online services boast of offering over
30,000 term papers, book reports, and essays.
How Large is the Problem?
• The business of online term papers is so
established that students can find meta sites,
like TermPaperSites.com, that direct students
to the many paper mills and services available.
TermPaperSites.com
Free Term Papers Online?
• Bait and switch:
– The sites that advertise free papers actually offer free
essays or position papers of lower quality.
– Once the student is duped into viewing the free
essays, links navigate them to a pay site where they
can purchase term papers.
• Membership fee:
– Some sites don’t charge for papers. Instead, they
charge a membership fee for the privilege of using the
site for a specified period of time, usually 1 month.
Free Term Papers Online?
• The charge for term papers is anywhere from
$10-20 per page for delivery in a week, to $50
per page for 24-hour delivery.
• Papers can be faxed, e-mailed, or delivered.
• Some sites can even provide copies of sources
used for a price.
Customizing Papers
• Most sites offer options to help students make a
plagiarized paper look like their original work.
– Skill level: Some sites offer papers at various levels of
writing skill, so that a student will not submit work
that looks beyond his/her level.
– Custom papers: Even more alarming, many sites offer
custom written papers. Students simply supply:
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Specific topic to research.
Number of sources to use.
Citation and writing style.
Any other particulars of the assignment.
Is This Practice Legal?
• To work around legal ramifications, term paper
mills post legal disclaimers.
– Membership vs. selling papers: Sites are not
technically selling papers, but rather selling
memberships to view the papers for “research
purposes” (e.g., to gain additional insights or points of
view on a particular topic).
– Disclaimers: Students are warned that they should
not submit these essays or papers as their own
original work, but should cite them in the reference
section of their paper.
Checking for Online Plagiarism
• After students have submitted their papers,
you can have the papers checked for the
probability of plagiarism.
• Students submit papers electronically through
an online service where they are compared
against a comprehensive digital repository of
written material compiled from print and
online sources.
TurnItIn.com
Preventing Online Plagiarism
• Give specific requirements:
– Give specific requirements in terms of how students
should write the paper. Require students to use
headings, or to include a discussion section. Require
something that will not likely be found in the online
paper mills.
• Require students to show progress over time:
– Divide the paper into several stages, and require
students to submit an assignment to show their
progress at each stage. For example, have students
submit a topic, a proposed outline, and a working
bibliography.
Broskoske, 2006
Preventing Online Plagiarism
• Require a draft:
– Require students to submit a good-quality draft, and
then submit a revised draft along with the original in
order to obtain a grade.
• Require another writing sample:
– Early during the course, require another writing
sample with which you can compare the quality and
style of each student’s work.
• Meet with students:
– If you can, meet with students about their papers to
assist them and monitor their progress.
Broskoske, 2006
Preventing Online Plagiarism
• Show progress:
– For online/blended courses, have students post
progress online in some form.
• Topic.
• Outline.
• Themes identified after researching sources.
– This process can also help the students to learn
from each other’s work.
Broskoske, 2006
Preventing Online Plagiarism
• Notice oddities:
– Watch for formatting that is different from what you
required.
• Be wary if no bibliography!
– Be suspect of any paper that is submitted without a
bibliography. Much of the online material lacks
references.
• Search for uniquely stated phrases:
– Search for the entire phrase (surround by quotation
marks) online: may lead you to the source of the
plagiarism.
Broskoske, 2006
ADA and Accessibility
Visual Impairments
• A student who is blind may use:
– PC equipped with text-to-speech software and a
speech synthesizer.
– Text-only browser to navigate the Web or simply turn
off graphics-loading. Text alternatives are needed to
interpret images.
• A speech system will simply say "image map" at the place
where an image map would be displayed to someone using a
multimedia Web browser.
– Printed materials, videotapes, and other visual
materials also create access challenges.
ADA and Accessibility
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of
1990 requires that people with disabilities
have equal access to public programs and
services. According to this law, no otherwise
qualified individuals with disabilities shall,
solely by reason of their disabilities, be
excluded from the participation in, be denied
the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination in these programs.
Visual Impairments
• A student who has limited vision can use:
– Special software to enlarge screen images.
• Allows viewing only a small portion of a web page at a
time.
– Causes confusion when Web pages are cluttered.
Visual Impairments
• What to do:
– Make text large enough to be read comfortably by
all users.
– Provide text alternatives (descriptions) to images.
– Do not overload Web pages with content.
Hearing Impairments
• A student who is hearing impaired my
experience difficulty:
– Understanding audio content (such as with a
podcast).
– Understanding course videotapes that are not
captioned.
– Deaf students cannot participate in
teleconferencing sessions.
Hearing Impairments
• What to do:
– Provide text captioning for any audio content.
– Alternatively, provide transcription of audio
content.
Speech Impairments
• Students with speech impairments may not be
able to effectively participate in
teleconferencing (Skype, Elluminate).
• What to do:
– Utilize text-based activities in your course.
Mobility Impairments
• Students with mobility impairments may:
– Use alternative keyboards, speech input, and other
input devices.
– Some options use keyboard commands to replace
mouse functions and thus cannot fully operate
software that requires the use of the mouse.
– Some students with mobility impairments may not
have fine motor skills required to select small buttons
on the screen.
– Students whose input method is slow cannot
effectively participate in real-time "chat"
communications.
Mobility Impairments
• What to do:
– Be aware that some students may require more
time to participate in synchronous text-based
activities than others due to mobility issues.
ADA and Accessibility
• The design of a distance learning class can
impact the participation of students and
instructors with visual, hearing, speech,
mobility, and learning disabilities.
• Planning for access as the course is being
developed is much easier than creating
accommodation strategies once a person with
a disability enrolls in a distance course.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
Where did Universal Design Come
From?
• Individuals with
Disabilities Act (IDEA)
• Rehabilitation Act of
1973, Section 504
• Architectural
practice of
Universal Design.
Architecture
Universal Design
Universal Design has it's basis in Section 504 of
the Rehabilitation Act which mandated that
public buildings be accessible to all.
“Universal design is
the design of products
and environments to
be usable by all
people, to the
greatest extent
possible, without the
need for adaptation
or specialized design.”
Center for Universal Design at North
Carolina State University
Universal Design
• Don’t retrofit or “fix” the building to
accommodate people with special needs.
• Construct the building to meet the needs of all
users of a space.
• Universal design will become a way of life, and
benefit all people.
ramp
Universal Design
Text messaging on cell
phones
Automatic opening
doors
Curb cuts in sidewalks
Universal Design in Education
• Universal Design for Learning
(UDL):
– Physical access to school buildings.
– Access to the curriculum: teaching,
learning, and assessment.
What does “universal” mean?
The “universal” in universal design does not
imply one optimal solution for everyone.
Rather, it reflects an awareness of the unique
nature of each learner and the need to
accommodate differences, creating learning
experiences that suit the learner and
maximize his or her ability to progress.
(CAST website)
UDL Paradigm Shift
Pre-UDL
Students with
disabilities are
considered in a
separate category.
UDL
Students with
disabilities fall along a
continuum of learner
differences within the
classroom.
UDL Paradigm Shift
Pre-UDL
Learners with
disabilities are viewed
as having a “problem”
that needs to be fixed.
UDL
All students learn
differently. Teachers
“fix” teaching to
accommodate learner
differences.
UDL Paradigm Shift
Pre-UDL
Teacher adjusts
instruction for students
with disabilities.
UDL
Teacher designs the
curriculum in advance
to accommodate all
learners.
UDL Paradigm Shift
Pre-UDL
The major curricular
vehicle is a textbook.
UDL
Curriculum materials
are varied and diverse
to accommodate
various learning styles.
Who benefits from UDL?
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Learning differences.
Cultural differences.
Language differences.
Physical differences.
Sensory differences.
Cognitive differences.
Students with IEP’s.
Technology and UDL
• Digital multimedia learning tools:
– Making UDL a reachable goal.
– Making attainment of UDL within reach of
individual educators and students.
How can I design my materials to be
accessible to ALL learners?
• Utilize readable fonts and font sizes.
• Use plenty of white space.
• Provide sufficient visual contrast between text
and backgrounds.
• Minimize distractions:
– Background sounds and effects.
– Animated graphics.
– Visual crowding.
Hands-on Activities
Second Life
PDF Files
Zip Files
Second Life
What is Second Life?
• Virtual World, where members can:
– Socialize.
– Have fun.
– Conduct business.
– Learn.
Cost of Second Life Participation?
• Basic Account: Free
– Avatar.
– L$250 sign-up bonus.
– Can only build in a
temporary “sandbox”
area.
• Premium Account:
$6-10 (depending on
monthly, quarterly, or
annual payment)
– Avatar.
– L$1,000 sign-up bonus.
– Ability to own land and
build on the land.
– L$300 per week stipend.
Other Pricing
Exploring Second Life
What is Second Life?
(Dell on YouTube)
What is Second Life?
(Linden Lab on YouTube)
Second Life for Educators
• Second Life has hundreds of K-12 and higher
education members.
– The Open University, Harvard, Texas State, and
Stanford are just a few of the many universities
that have set up virtual campuses where students
can meet, attend classes, and create content
together.
Second Life for Educators
• ISTE (International Society for Technology in
Education) runs orientations for educators:
– Live "Docent" assistance during regularly scheduled
hours.
– Scheduled tours, speaker series, and special events.
– Showcased destinations and educational uses of SL.
– Socials to learn from other educators about how they
are using SL.
– Tools to enable your educational uses of SL.
– Additional tutorials for educators.
Educational Possibilities
• What are the possible uses of Second Life in
education? Let’s watch the following video
together to get an introduction.
Introduction: Educational
Uses of Second Life
Watch One of the Following Videos
Watch one of the following videos. Determine
how might Second Life be used in education?
Exploring Educational
Possibilities of SL
(YouTube)
Education in SL
Vanderbilt Center for Science
(TeacherTube)
Exploring Educational Possibilities
At YouTube.com, search for second life and a
subject area.
Search for Videos at
YouTube
Answer: How can this virtual environment
potentially be used practically in education?
Let’s Explore Second Life
Second Life.com
Zip and PDF Files
Zip and PDF Files
• Zip and PDF files are commonly used online
file types.
– Zip files are single files (archives) that contain
many files, and are compressed in size.
• Can be opened by a Windows unzipping utility.
– PDF files are like scanned documents, are not able
to be edited, and are perfect copies of the
original.
• Can be opened by downloading Adobe Acrobat Reader
free software.
What are Zip Files?
To go on a trip, how do you prepare your clothes?
What are Zip Files?
To go on a trip, how do you prepare your clothes?
A suitcase is a
single, compact
container that
holds much
material.
What are Zip Files?
filename.zip
 document.doc
57 Kb
 photo.gif
96
 photo.jpg
256
 document.doc x
92
 spreadsheet.xlsx 396
 database.mdbx 2359
Total Size:
x
3256 Kb
document.docx
photo.gif
photo.jpg
document.docx
spreadsheet.xlsx
database.mdbx
Total Size: 1456 Kb
Open Source Zipping Utility
Find PeaZip at
OpenSourceWindows.org
Let’s Try It
• Let’s try:
– Unzipping a zip archive.
– Creating a zip archive.
What are PDF Files?
• PDF file is perfect
copy of original.
• PDF’s are accepted by
government for
official forms.
• User downloads free
Adobe Acrobat
reader.
Exploring PDF Files
PDF Files at ETS
PDF Files at PDE
Open Source PDF Creator
• If you do not already own Adobe Acrobat PDF
creator:
– Let’s download and experiment with open source
PDF creator software.
sourceforge.net/projects/pdfcreator
Assignments/Activities
1. Start creating a Web page for your blended
course. Use this page to introduce yourself to
learners, and to provide structure for the course.
List assignments, readings, and link to the
resources that you created.
2. Create a PDF file and a zip archive for use on
your course Web page.
3. Continue:
– Post your blog address to our discussion board.
– Maintain online discussions.
– Post new experiences to your blog.
Next Week
• Good teaching practice in distance learning.
• Hands-on experience with a Promethean
Board.