Transcript Raheel Ahmed Khan

M.E (telecom),C.I.W, M.C.S.E, CCNA
Email :[email protected], [email protected]
http://raheel-mydreamz.blogspot.com/
Graphics (from Greek graphia) are Visual presentations on some surface,
such as a wall, Canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to Brand, inform,
illustrate, or entertain. Examples are Photographs, Drawings,Lines Art,
Graphs,Diagrams,Typography,Numbers,Symbols,Geometric
Designs, Maps,Engineering Drawings or other Images. Graphics often
combine Text, Illustration, and Color. Graphic Design may consist of the
deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a
brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element.
Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with
other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a
distinctive style.
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version,
such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight
essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary
graphics may become blurred.
The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric
periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory,
and antlers, which were created during the Upper Palaeolithic period
from 40,000–10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of these were found to
record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the
earliest graphics and drawings known to the modern world, from
almost 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and
ceramic cylinder seals, marking the beginning of the historic periods
and the keeping of records for accounting and inventory purposes.
Records from Egypt predate these and papyrus was used by the
Egyptians as a material on which to plan the building of pyramids;
they also used slabs of limestone and wood. From 600–250 BC, the
Greeks played a major role in geometry. They used graphics to
represent their mathematical theories such as the Circle Theorem and
the Pythagorean theorem.
In art, "graphics" is often used to distinguish work in a monotone and
made up of lines, as opposed to painting.
Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from
a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen
and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and
markers. Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main
techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random
hatching, scribbling, stippling, blending, and shading.
Drawing is generally considered distinct from painting, in which colored pigments
are suspended in a liquid medium and are usually applied with a brush. Notable
great drawers include Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci.
Many people choose drawing as a main art style, or they may use it to make
sketches for paintings, sculptures and other types of art. The other term is
Engineering Graphics, preferably the language of engineers that simulates Three
Dimensional capability of engineer to plan and Implement his ideas. It comprises
Projection, Development, Perspective, Section, Intersection, and Isometric
ideations.
Woodblock printing, including images is first seen in China
after paper was invented (about A.D. 105). In the West the main
techniques have been woodcut, engraving and etching, but there
are many others.
Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised
into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal,
leaving behind roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very
thin, burning a line into the plate. The use of the process in printmaking is
believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470–1536) of
Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this way.
Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and
semiconductor devices.
Line art is a rather non-specific term sometimes used for any
image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed
against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in
shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or
three-dimensional objects. Line art is usually monochromatic,
although lines may be of different colors.
An illustration is a visual representation such as a
drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that
stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration
is to elucidate or decorate a story, poem or piece of
textual information (such as a newspaper article),
traditionally by providing a visual representation of
something described in the text. The editorial cartoon,
also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration
containing a political or social message.
Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of
subject matter and serve a variety of functions, such as:
1. Giving faces to characters in a story
2. Displaying a number of examples of an item described in an
academic textbook (e.g. A Typology)
3. Visualising step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual
4. Communicating subtle thematic tone in a narrative
5. Linking brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and
creativity
6. Making a reader laugh or smile
7. For fun (to make laugh) funny
A graph or chart is a type of information graphic that
represents tabular, numeric data. Charts are often used to
make it easier to understand large quantities of data and
the relationships between different parts of the data.
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual
representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations,
statistical data, etc, used to visualize and clarify the topic.
A symbol, in its basic sense, is a representation of a concept or
quantity; i.e., an idea, object, concept, quality, etc. In more
psychological and philosophical terms, all concepts are symbolic
in nature, and representations for these concepts are simply token
artifacts that are allegorical to (but do not directly codify) a
symbolic meaning, or symbolism.
Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the
representation and manipulation of image data by a computer.
The development of computer graphics, has made computers easier to interact
with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data.
Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types
of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the video game
industry.
1) Raster Images
Raster images are made up of a whole lot of tiny dots, called pixels. To
illustrate this concept, we will use a sheet of graph paper. Each square on the
sheet represents one pixel (see Figure 1.1). Let's start simple and create a
black and white circle that is 20 pixels in diameter (see Figure 1.2). The
number of pixels determines the resolution of your file. The computer stores
this file by recording the exact placement and color of each pixel. The
computer has no idea that it is a circle, only that it is a collection of little dots.
2) Vector Images: An Objective Approach
Vector art is different in that instead of creating individual pixels, you create
objects, such as rectangles and circles. By noting the mathematical coordinates
of these shapes, a vector program can store files in a fraction of the space as
raster images, and more importantly, be able to scale images to virtually any
size without any loss in detail. Unlike raster images, the vector circle appears
smooth at 100% (left) and just as smooth when enlarged 800% (right).
Adobe Illustrator is an almost supernatural program for generating print and
digital artwork. Illustrator’s drawing tools provide micro-control over
drawings. Its gigantic set of graphical effects, combined with its almost
limitless control over sizing, scaling, perspective, and fills, allows Illustrator
to give expression to any artistic inspiration. There’s no other design software
that provides such powerful control over lines and curves, fills, and color
effects.
CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black
(called K because printers sometimes refer to the black
plate as the key plate). Mixing these colors creates a
gamut (range) of colors. It's easier to think of colors in
CMYK because the mode seems to follow the rules that
we all learned in preschool. Mixing cyan and magenta
(blue and red) makes purple, mixing yellow and magenta
makes orange, and so on. Today's printing presses use
the four CMYK inks to produce printed material in
color. For jobs that you want physically printed, you
should choose the CMYK color mode.
RGB stands for Red, Green, and Blue and is used to
display color on TV screens, computer monitors, and
other electronic devices like digital cameras. Unlike
CMYK where you start out with a white sheet of paper
and then add colors to get to black, RGB works in
reverse. For instance, when your TV screen is off, it's
dark, and when you turn it on and add red, green, and
blue, the cumulative effect is white. The RGB color
mode has a significantly larger gamut of colors than
CMYK does, especially in the area of bright fluorescent
colors. For jobs that you want displayed on the Web or
video, RGB is the color mode you should choose.
Computer animation (or CGI animation) is the art of creating moving images
with the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation.
Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D
computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster
real-time rendering needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the
computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is
also referred to as CGI (computer-generated imagery or computer-generated
imaging), especially when used in films.
Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the art of stop motion
animation of 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. For 3D
animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D
figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate
objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used, with or without a
virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved
by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames
are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or
morphing. Finally, the animation is rendered.
For 3D animations, all frames must be rendered after modeling is complete. For
2D vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process,
while tweened frames are rendered as needed. For pre-recorded presentations, the
rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium such as film or
digital video. The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented
to the end-user audience. Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet
(e.g. 2D Flash, X3D) often use software on the end-users computer to render in
real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations.
In general, "media" refers to various means of communication. For example,
television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media. The term can
also be used as a collective noun for the press or news reporting agencies. In the
computer world, "media" is also used as a collective noun, but refers to different
types of data storage options.
Media refers to any kind of format used to convey information. Mass Media
refers to those types of media that are designed to reach large numbers of people.
The various types of mass media are:
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Television (cable, network, satellite, etc.)
Radio
Film & Video
Print (newspapers, magazines, direct mail, etc.)
Photography
Electronic (E-mail, the Web, etc.)
1) Print media:
Print media refers to publications that are distributed in a printed form on paper,
such as newspapers, which must be delivered to customers in physical form either
through hand delivery or physical purchase.
 Purpose
Print media is one of the most common ways for people to stay informed about current
events, technology and other special interests.
 Features
Print media is extremely varied in terms of what sorts of topics are covered; normal
newspapers typically report relevant current events, but other periodicals may be printed
purely for entertainment or made for a specific interest, such as fashion, fitness or a
certain sport.
 Benefits
Print media is relatively cheap and does not require access to technology, such as a
computer, to use. Periodicals and magazines are also extremely portable.
Example :
Books, Newspapers, Magazine, Newsletters, Brochures, Posters,Bill-Boards, Hand-outs
2) Digital media:
Digital media (as opposed to analog media) are usually electronic
media that work on digital codes. Today, computing is primarily based
on the binary numeral system. In this case digital refers to the discrete
states of "0" and "1" for representing arbitrary data. Computers are
machines that (usually) interpret binary digital data as information and
thus represent the predominating class of digital information
processing machines. Digital media ("Formats for presenting
information" according to Wiktionary:media) like digital audio, digital
video and other digital content can be created, referred to and
distributed via digital information processing machines. Digital media
represents a profound change from previous (analog) media.
Digital data is independent of its interpretation (hence representation).
An arbitrary sequence of digital code like "0100 0001" might be
interpreted as the decimal number 65, the hexadecimal number 41 or
the glyph "A". See also: ASCII, Code.
Florida's digital media industry association, Digital Media
Alliance Florida, defines digital media as "the creative
convergence of digital arts, science, technology and
business for human expression, communication, social
interaction and education“.
Example:
Cellular Phones,
Televisions,Minidisc,
Video,Games,
E- Commerce,
Computers,
E-Books,
Internet etc...
3) Interactive media:
What do virtual reality, rock-climbing walls that show you how to
climb them and Web 2.0 have in common? They're all examples of a
new trend in media communication. Read here to find out about
Interactive Media Design, a new spin on traditional ways of
reaching out to people.
Interactive Media vs. Regular Media
Traditional media is a one-way street. For instance, advertising is
generally seen as a process in which companies present a view of
their product and viewers can only consume it. By contrast,
Interactive Media is a dialogue, as viewers take a much more active
role and media producers become interactive storytellers.
Technology of Interactive Media Design:
Much of Interactive Media Design consists of taking advantage of the
opportunities offered by new technologies. In 2008, the Wellington
Zoo in New Zealand employed Interactive Media Design in crafting a
new campaign. According to Adforum.com, the zoo created a cell
phone application that used the phone's camera to scan a newspaper ad
about the zoo: a 3D model and information about the animals there
would pop out on the user's cell phone screen. Interactive Media is also
sometimes linked to 'Web 2.0' ideas about letting the people who
watch a media presentation help to make it up as well. Interactive
Media Designers, then, should also be familiar with the use of social
networking.
Interactive Media Design Work
Interactive Media Design is more than just being savvy about web trends and
hot new gadgets. Designers in Interactive Media also need to know how to
create aesthetically appealing, inviting concepts that make people want to
participate in the first place. In this sense, Interactive Media Design is just
bringing traditional media into the 21st century. Designers will need a solid
foundation in the history of media.
Site design for blogs, businesses and informational websites can
be a major factor in the success of the site. Many people now
hire professional website design companies to create websites
that will be user-friendly and attractive. The world of site design
is part artistry, part business sense, and can be part of a lucrative
career for talent website builders.
With literally millions of websites to choose from on the internet,
a well-designed site is meant to draw users in. Common
considerations include ease of use and attractiveness. Site
visitors need to be able to quickly understand what a site offers
and how to navigate the various pages of the website. Experts in
site design can make simple, fully comprehensible websites that
are fully customizable for any client's needs.
web design is noted for its web development, software
development, web designer, designer solution, creative web
design & development, professional web consultants, ebusiness, online software solutions , e-branding strategies,
software development, web marketing, programming,
promotion, interactive web site designing, Interactive flash, web
promotion, database driven sites, Digital Imaging , photography,
Content deployment, search engine registration, portal and Web
designer in UK and India. We architect web software
development solutions in ASP.NET with SQL database and PHP
with MySQL database.
Interactive website design allows some kind of interaction with users. The most common
device used for this luxury is Common Gateway Interface or CGI.
Guestbooks, membership signups, newsletter registrations and similar tasks use CGI.
Some of these interactions like product purchases, which handle sensitive information
require security measures for protection of that information.
Interaction with users usually involves the use of HTML forms which are used to collect
the information from the client and CGI scripts which handle the processing of the data.
The testing of HTML forms and CGI scripts on your PC will require the installation of a
localhost server. The Apache server is the most commonly used server for this purpose.
Our website also offers free CGI scripts and HTML forms that you can copy or download
and use as templates.
We recommend that you use our HTML forms and scripts for handling non-sensitive
materials. Tools for credit card transactions and shopping carts which require a secure
environment, will be supplied by the web host that you choose.
Ajax (shorthand for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a group of interrelated web
development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications.
With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the
background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. The
use of Ajax techniques has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web
pages. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the
use of XML is not actually required, nor do the requests need to be asynchronous.
Like DHTML and LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP), Ajax is not a technology
in itself, but a group of technologies. Ajax uses a combination of HTML and CSS to
mark up and style information. The DOM is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically
display, and to allow the user to interact with, the information presented. JavaScript and
the XMLHttpRequest object provide a method for exchanging data asynchronously
between browser and server to avoid full page reloads.
ASP (Active Server Pages)
ColdFusion Markup Language (*.cfm)
Java via JavaServer Pages (*.jsp)
Javascript using Server Side Javascript (*.ssjs)
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) (*.php)
Perl (programming language )(*.pl)
ASP DOT NET
Database driven websites are becoming more popular as the tools for creating
them become easier to acquire and use.
Adding PHP and MySQL to the localhost is a fairly simple process for Win98
and ME users.
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a
server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.
The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the
terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of
proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit
firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Sun Microsystems, a
subsidiary of Oracle Corporation.
Most web hosts these days offer the option of
creating your web site with a CMS.
Many CMS software packages employ PHP and
MySQL. Most of them have built in features for
membership registration, article posting by
members and administrators, feedback forms,
polls, forums and more.
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Flash Animation
Custom graphics, banners, buttons
Fully Featured E-Commerce Shopping Cart
Fully integrated database directory systems
Password protected directories
Guestbook
News Headlines (self-updating)
Tell A Friend
Photo Slideshow
Online Poll
Custom Error Pages
Database Powered Links Page (editable by client)
Banner Rotation System
Financial calculators suite
Online Postcard System
Online Newsletter
Dynamic Events Calendar (editable by client)
Web page editing system
Online Message Boards
Article Management System
Online Photo Gallery