Transcript Ethical-Lauden. - Soaad-Hend

Ethical and Legal Issues in Educational
Technology
Professional Educator Diploma
Graduate School of Education – American University in Cairo (AUC)
Spring 2012
Objectives:
This class aims to introduce:
Ethical and Legal Issues in Technology Use: Fair Use of
Technology:


Privacy

Copyright & Intellectual property
 Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia
 Copyright guidelines for teachers and students
Fair Use of Technology
Privacy:
key technology trends have heightened the ethical stresses for individuals’
privacy
on
existing
social
arrangements
and
laws:

Advances in data storage techniques have enabled for the multiplying
databases on individuals maintained by private and public organizations making the violation of individual privacy both cheap and effective.

Advances in data analysis techniques enable companies and government
agencies use profiling to determine detailed information about individual's
habits

and
tastes
and
create
dossiers
of
detailed
information.
Advances in networking reduce the costs of moving and accessing data,
permitting
privacy
invasions
on
a
vast
scale.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Privacy:

Privacy is the claim of individuals to be left alone. The Internet poses new
challenges to the protection of individual privacy because information can
easily be monitored, captured, and stored as it passes through its network of
computer systems.

Companies can record a user's on-line activities, such as what files were
accessed or which Web sites were visited. Web sites can learn the identity of
their visitors if the visitors voluntarily register at the site or they can capture
information about visitors without their knowledge using "cookie" technology.

Cookies are tiny files deposited on a computer hard drive when a user visits
certain Web sites that track visits to the Web site. Some companies use Web
bugs, which are tiny graphic files embedded into e-mail messages and Web
pages to monitor who is reading the e-mail message or Web page.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Privacy:

Some e-commerce sites add opt-out selection boxes to their privacy statement,
which, when accepted by a visitor, permit the collection of personal
information. Privacy advocates promote the wider use of an opt-in model of
informed consent in which businesses are prohibited from collecting
information unless specifically allowed by the consumer.

Spyware is small applications that can secretly install itself on an Internet
user's computer by piggybacking on larger applications. Once installed, the
spyware calls out to Web sites to send banner ads and other unsolicited
material to the user, and it can also report the user's movements on the Internet
to
other
computers.

New technologies are available to protect user privacy during interactions with
Web sites, including encrypting email, anonymizing Web surfing, preventing
cookies, and eliminating spyware. The Platform for Privacy Preferences
(P3P) is a standard for communicating a Web site's privacy policy to Internet
users to help them select the level of privacy they wish to maintain when
interacting with the Web site.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Copyright and Intellectual property:

Intellectual Property: Contemporary information systems have severely
challenged existing law and social practices protecting Intellectual Property
which is the intangible property created by individuals or corporations that is
subject to protections under trade secret, copyright, and patent law.

Copyright: Protects creators of intellectual property against copying by others
for a the life of the author plus an additional 70 years, or for a total of 95 years
for corporate copyrights. Copyright protects against copying of entire software
programs or their parts. However, the ideas behind a work are not protected,
only their manifestation in a work. A competitor can build new software that
follows the same concepts without infringing on a copyright.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Copyright and Intellectual property:

A Patent grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind the
invention for 20 years. The key concepts in patent law are originality. Patent
protection is that it grants a monopoly on the underlying concepts and ideas of
software. The difficulty is passing stringent criteria for novelty and invention.

Illegal copying of software and music and video files is rampant worldwide.
While protecting against copying of software program code, copyright
protection can't prevent another person from using the underlying ideas behind
a piece of software and developing software that follows the same concepts.
The Internet makes it even easier to copy intellectual property and transmit it
freely
around
the
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
world.
Fair Use of Technology
Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia:
Text
•Up to 10% of a copyrighted work or 1000 words, whichever is less
•Poems
- Entire poem if less than 250 words
- 250 words or less if longer poem
Video
•Up to 10% of a copyrighted work or 3 minutes, whichever is less
•Clip cannot be altered in any way
Illustrations
•A photograph or illustration may be used in its entirety
•No more than 5 images of an artist's or photographer's work
•When using a collection, no more than 10% or no more than 15 images, whichever is less
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Fair Use Guidelines for Multimedia:
Music
•Up to 10% of a copyrighted musical composition, but no more than 30 seconds
•Up to 10% of a body of sound recording, but no more than 30 seconds
•Any alterations cannot change the basic melody or the fundamental character of the work
Numerical Data Sets
•Up to 10% or 2500 fields, whichever is less, from a copyrighted database or data table
Internet
•Internet resources often combine both copyrighted and public domain sites; therefore care
should be used in downloading any sites for use in multimedia presentations.
•Educators and students are advised to write for permission to use Copyrighted Internet
resources and to be mindful of the copyright ramifications of including embedded additional
links to that particular site.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Copyright Guidelines for Teachers and Students
Teachers and Students may use portions (as cited previously) of lawfully
acquired copyrighted works in their academic multimedia projects, with proper
credit and citations. They may retain them in personal portfolios as examples of
their academic work.
•Teachers and students must credit sources, giving full bibliographic
information when available.
• Teachers and students must display the copyright notice and copyright
ownership information if this is shown in the original source.
• Copyright information for images may be shown in a separate bibliographic
section unless the presentation is being used for distance learning. In this case,
the information must be incorporated within the image itself (i.e. it must appear
on the screen when the image is viewed).
•
• Fair use ends when the multimedia creator loses control of his product's use,
such as when it is accessed by others over the Internet.
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012
Fair Use of Technology
Copyright Guidelines for Teachers and Students
Copying and Distribution Limitations
•Do not post multimedia projects claiming fair use exemption on an unsecured web site
•No more than 2 copies of the original production may be made
•Only 1 may be placed on reserve for others to use for instructional purposes
•An additional copy may be made for preservation purposes, but may be used or copied only
to replace a use copy that has been lost, damaged, or stolen
•If more than one person has created the multimedia presentation, each principal creator
may retain only one copy
Ghada R. El Said, PhD ,2011-2012