Transcript 45-Conclusion - Vutube.edu.pk

Virtual University
Human-Computer Interaction
Lecture 45
Conclusion
Imran Hussain
University of Management and Technology (UMT)
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© Imran Hussain | UMT
In Last Lecture …
• Paradigms
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Ubiquitous computing
Pervasive computing
Wearable computing
Tangible bits, augmented reality and physical/virtual integration
Attentive environments and transparent computing
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
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HCI – A Formal Definition
“Human-Computer Interaction is a
discipline concerned with the design,
evaluation and implementation of
interactive computing systems for
human use and with the study of
major phenomena surrounding them”
-ACM/IEEE
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Human-Computer Interaction
Usability
User Experience
Interface
Interaction
Computer
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Human
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Usability Goals
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Safety
• Utility
• Learnability
• Memorablity
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• Satisfying
• Enjoyable
User Experience Goals
• Fun
• Entertaining
• Helpful
• Motivating
• Aesthetically
Pleasing
• Supportive to
Creativity
• Rewarding
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• Emotionally
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Fullfilling
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Fun
Satisfying
Emotionally
fullfilling
Efficient to
use
enjoyable
Effective
to use
Easy to
remember
Rewarding
Usability
Goals
Entertaining
Easy to
learn
Safe to
use
Supportive of
creativity
Have good
utility
Aesthetically
pleasing
helpful
Motivating
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Software Quality – Usability
• softwarequalititydependsuponanumberoffactors
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Functionality
Reliability
Usability
Efficiency
Maintainability
Portability
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Nature of computers
• Computers are very poor at communicating
• Communication can be precise but still being wrong
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Feature Shock
• Manual devices are easier to use
– Simplicity
– Flexibility
• Hi-tech companies add more feature to improve product
– Product becomes more complicated
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Paradox … Why Were Computers Invented?
• Computers were invented to make life easy, convenient and efficient
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HCI and Software Engineers
• Software engineers are more focused on internal workings of
software
• In HCI we are concerned with external workings of software
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Success Criteria in the New Economy
• Success depends upon the ability of a business to effectively and
efficiently meet users’ needs and goals
Business
Success
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User
Experience
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HCI Topics
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Human Capabilities and Characteristics
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Cognition
• Also described in terms of specific process
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Attention
Perception
Memory
Learning
Reading, speaking and listening
Problem solving, planning, reasoning, decision making
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Extension to the Information Processing Model
Attention
Encoding
Comparison
Response
Response
Selection
Execution
Memory
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People are Explanatory Creatures
Interact with world
Human tendency to form explanations
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Mental Model
• Human (uses) understanding (conceptual model) of the way
– Objects work
– Events take place
– People behave
Mental
Model
Object
Perceive
User
Design
Designer
Uses object
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Conceptual
Model
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Design object
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How Are Faulty Mental Models Formed?
Object
Fragmentary
Evidence
(incomplete info)
Poor
Understanding
Naïve Psychology
•Causes
•Mechanisms
•Relationships
Mental
Model
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Faulty
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Effect of Faulty Mental Models
• Computer screen freezes  bash keyboard
• TV not working  bang TV top
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7 Stages of Action
Goals
Intention to act
Evaluation of the
Interpretations
sequence of actions
Interpreting the perception
execution of
The action sequence
Perceiving the state
of the world
THE WORLD
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Design Principles
• Conceptual Models
• Visibility
• Affordance
• Constraints
• Mapping
• Consistency
• Feedback
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Success Factors for Technology Products
Product
Viability
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Process Lifecycle Models
• Waterfall
• And others
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Development Stages
Initiate
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Design
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Code
Test
Ship
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Goal-directed Design
Research
Modeling
Requirements
Framework
Refinement
User and the
domain
Users and
use context
Definition of user,
business& technical needs
Definition of design
structure & flow
Of behavior, form&
content
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Types of Users
Beginners
Perpetual intermediates
I forgot how
to import
Experts
What new
features are in
this upgrade?
How do I automate this?
What does the
program do?
How do I print?
What is the
program’s scope?
How do I find
facility X?
What is this
control for?
Oops ! Can I undo? What was the
command for X?
Where do I
start?
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Remind me
What this does?
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What are the
shortcuts for this
Command?
Can this be
changed
What is
dangerous?
How can I
customize this?
Is there
keyboard
equivalent?
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Qualitative Research Techniques
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Stakeholder Interviews
Subject matter expert (SME) interviews
User and customer interviews
User observation/ethnographic field studies
Literature review
Product/prototype and competitive audits
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Cumulative Effect of Requirements
Missing/deficient
requirement
Missing/deficient
design
Missing/deficient
user interface
implementation
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Conceptual Design and Prototyping
• Prototyping techniques
– Low fidelity
– High fidelity
• Wireframes and blueprints
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Software postures
• Software Postures
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Sovereign posture (full-screen programs: outlook, word)
Transient posture (temporary programs: calculator, volume control)
Daemonic posture (work in background: taskbar icons)
Auxiliary posture (streaming audio in browser pane)
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Flow & Communication
• Orchestration and Flow
• Excise and navigation
• Alerts, notifiers, confirmations
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Files, documents and software
• Undo
• Files and Save
• Unified document management
• Making software considerate
• Making software smart
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Visual design
• Principles of visual interface design
• Principles of visual information design
• Use of text and color in visual interfaces
• Consistency and standards
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Evaluation
The process of systematically collecting data that informs us about
what it is like for a particular or group of users to use a product for a
particular task in a certain type of environment
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Some good reasons
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Problems are fixed before product is shipped, not after.
The team can concentrate on real problems, not imaginary ones.
Engineers code instead of debating.
Time to market is sharply reduced.
Good product design that works for sales pitches.
- Tognazzini
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Evaluation types
• Heuristic evaluation
– Home pages
• Usability testing
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Conceptual Framework for Developing User Experience
Web as software interface
Web as hypertext system
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
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Information-oriented
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Other topics
• Asking users: interview and questionnaires
• Information retrieval
• Web topics
– Web searching systems
– Web accessibility
– Web localization
• Emerging paradigms
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HCI Stats
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Findability
• 62% of web shoppers give up looking for the item they want to buy
online
– Zona Research
• Users can only find information 42% of the time
– Jared Spool
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Software Maintenance Costs
• 80% of software lifecycle costs occur after the product is released, in
the maintenance phase - of that work, 80 % is due to unmet or
unforeseen user requirements; only 20 % is due to bugs or reliability
problems.
- IEEE Software
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Reasons for Failure
• 49% of sites do not comply with simple usability principles
– Forrester Research
• Only 24% of internet companies conduct usability testing
– Forrester Research
• 90% of sites have poor usability
– Jakob Nielsen
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Sydney Olympics
• Bruce Lindsay Maguire vs Sydney Organising
Committee for the Olympics Games (SOCOG)
• Allegation: SOCOG in breach the Disability
Discrimination Act 1992 by failing to make
accessible to him key parts of its web site
• vast majority of organisations with a web site must
ensure that their web site is (within certain limits)
accessible by disabled persons
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Life Imitates Art
• 1 in every 4 computers has been physically attacked by its owner Novatech (British PC Manufacturer)
• Almost ⅓ of people have physically attacked a computer – National
Opinion Poll/Symantec
• 67% experienced frustration, exasperation and anger – National
Opinion Poll/Symantec
• 70% swore at their machines – National Opinion Poll/Symantec
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HCI Strategies and Approaches
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© Imran Hussain | UMT
Conceptual Framework for Developing User Experience
Web as software interface
Web as hypertext system
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
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Information-oriented
© Imran Hussain | UMT
Strategies and approaches
• Organizational culture change
– user-centered design
• Process: Iterative and incremental + evaluation
• Multidisciplinary teams
• Programmers should not be designers
– Conflict of interest
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Cognitive
Psychology
Social
Organizational
Psychology
Linguistics
Anthropology
Ergonomics
&
Human
Factor
HCI
Philosophy
Design
Computer
Science
Artificial
Intelligence
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Engineering
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The HCI Profession
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
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HCI Profession
• Job opportunities
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
© Imran Hussain | UMT
Conceptual Framework for Developing User Experience
Web as software interface
Web as hypertext system
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
Information-oriented
© Imran Hussain | UMT
The HCI Charter
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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction
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UN, Charters and Human Rights
• The UN has a charter on human rights
– Binds member states and countries
– ensures nations do not infringe upon the rights of their citizens
• Maybe one day we will have …
• The UN charter on user rights
– Binds software engineers and programmers
– To respect, care, and honor users
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Let’s make a pledge …
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Wrap-up
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hopefully this course has opened your eyes …
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My Mission
• Open your EYES
• Open your MIND
• Change the way you THINK
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I hope you have enjoyed this course …
Good bye and take care. THE END.
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