Transcript 44-Emerging Paradigms

Virtual University
Human-Computer Interaction
Lecture 44
Emerging Paradigms
Imran Hussain
University of Management and Technology (UMT)
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In the Last Lecture..
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Information retrieval
Storage systems
Retrieval system
Retrieving in physical world and retrieving in the digital world
Web searching systems
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In Today’s Lecture
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Searching system and what they comprise of ?
Web accessibility
Web localization
New paradigms
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Scenario
• Three users
– User A
– User B
– User C
• User A uses your search functionality to search for Auto
• User B uses your website and enter Automobile
• User C come to your website and enter the keyword Vehicles
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Information Architecture
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Web Accessibility
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Why Accessibility?
• Regulatory compliance
– There are various acts in various countries which people need to
compliance with
– American Disability Act mandates equal access to computer systems for
users with disabilities
• Increasing pool of aged people
– 50% of people older than 65 years have some form of functional
impairment
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Why Accessibility?
• Plain old human decency
– Everyone has equal rights
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What is Accessibility?
• Scope of disabilities
– Do users have a condition that makes it difficult to use traditional
computer input and output devices?
– 30 million people in US have such disability problems which cause an
obstruction in web accessibility
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How is Accessibility Possible?
• Use HTML properly
• Web pages are made by using Hyper Text Mark up Language
– Encode meaning rather than appearance
– Allows alternative browsers to present that meaning in different ways
that are optimized for abilities of individual users
– Follow accessibility standards and guidelines
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Types of Disabilities
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Visual
Auditory
Speech
Motor
Cognitive
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Visual Disabilities
• Blind users
• Color-blind users
– Cannot see red-green colors
• Partially sighted users
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Reduced Eyesight
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Encode information with relative font sizes instead of absolute font sizes
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Normal font sizes
– 10, 12, 14 points
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Large font sizes
– 18, 24
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Web Accessibility Initiative
• The efforts of Web Accessibility Initiative have produced certain
guidelines, checklist and technique
• These help the developers of the website to ensure accessibility
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Types of Guidelines
• Content
• User Agent
• Authoring Tool
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Web Localization
• What fonts to use?
• How to display Text
– Left to right
– What about web page controls?
– What about controls of browser itself
• Various terms that are used in webpage may also require
localization
• URL: www equivalent ( ‫?)ووو‬
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New Paradigms
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Ubiquitous computing
Pervasive computing
Wearable computing
Tangible bits, augmented reality and physical/virtual integration
Attentive environments and transparent computing
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Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)
• What it implies
– Before, user had to seek out the computer interface
– Interface can itself take responsibility of locating and serving the user
• Mark Weisner
– Credited with coining the phrase
– Had a vision of people and environments augmented with computational
resources that provide information and services, when and where
desired
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Motivation behind ubicomp
• Main motivation
– Centered on the impact that it would have on the human experience
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Now some quotes ….
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Quote 1
“Machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing
humans to enter theirs will make using a computer as
refreshing as a walk in the woods.”
- Weisner (1991)
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Quote 2
“We wanted to put computing back in its place, to reposition
it into the environmental background, to concentrate on
human-to-human interfaces and less on human-tocomputer ones.”
- Weisner (1999)
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Quote 3
“Inspired by the social scientists, philosophers, and anthropologists at
PARC, we have been trying to take a radical look at what computing
and networking ought to be like. We believe that people live through
their practices and tacit knowledge so that the most powerful things are
those that are effectively invisible in use. This is a challenge that affects
all of computer science.
Our preliminary approach: activate the world. Provide hundreds of
wireless computing devices per person per office, of all scales (from 1”
displays to wall-sized). This has required new work in operating
systems, user interfaces, networks, wireless, displays, and many other
areas. We call our work ‘ubiquitous computing’. This is different from
PDAs, dynabooks, or information at your fingertips. It is invisible,
everywhere computing that does not live on a personal devices of any
sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere.”
- Weisner (1994)
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Salient features of ubicomp
• Computers would disappear into environment
• It means seamless integration into physical world in a manner that it
extends human capabilities
– Prototype for an office
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One last quote ….
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Quote 4
“ubiquitous computing will produce nothing fundamentally new, but by
making everything faster and easier to, with less strain and fewer
mental gymnastics, it will transform what is apparently possible.”
- Weisner (1999)
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Pervasive computing
• Pervasive computing
– Direct access to information and services
• Such technology referred to as smart devices
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Cell phones
Handheld devices
Intelligent fridges
Interactive microwave ovens
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Wearable computing
• Computer can be embedded in:
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Jewelry
Head-mounted caps
Glasses
Shoes
Jackets
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Tangible bits, augmented reality and physical/virtual
integration
• Also inspired by ubiquitous computing
• Tangible bits
– Integration of computational augmentation into physical environment
– Figuring out how to combine digital info with physical objects and
surfaces (e.g., buildings) to allow people to perform everyday activities
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Attentive environments and transparent computing
• Computer attends to user’s needs through anticipating what the user
wants to do
– User does not decide what to do, burden shifted to computer
• Computer interfaces respond to user’s expressions and gestures
• Sensor-rich environments are used detect the user’s current state
and needs
• Examples
– Cameras can detect where people are looking
– What part of a screen they are looking at
– What web sites they want to visit, and at what times (cross with
marketing research)
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Attentive environments and transparent computing
• IBM BlueEyes project
– Has a range of computational devices that use non-obtrusive sensing
technology, including videos and microphones to track and identify user
actions
– Info is analyzed w.r.t. where users are looking, what they are doing,
gestures, expressions
– This info is coded in terms of users’ states:
• Physical
• Emotional
• Informational
– This is then used to decide what to present the user
– Example: a person walks into a room
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