Transcript Tutorial.04

Tutorial 4:
Information Resources on the Web
Objectives
• Session 4.1
– Find current news
– Get up-to-date weather information
– Obtain maps and destination information
– Locate people and businesses
– Purchase items online
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Objectives
•
Session 4.2
– Understand copyrights, fair use, public domain, and
plagiarism
– Learn how to cite Web resources
– Find library and text resources on the Web
– Locate multimedia elements on the Web, including
images, audio, and video
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Session 4.1 Overview
Types of Information on the Internet
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Finding Current and Specific
Information on the Web
• Finding Recent Information
– Search engines usually include more recent listings than
directories
– Use a search engine that allows date-range restrictions
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Finding Current and Specific
Information on the Web
• Getting Current News
– The Web has a variety of sources
for current news
– You can search a site for specific
news stories
– A news aggregation Web site
collects and displays content
from a variety of online news
sources (wire services, print
media, broadcast outlets, blogs)
and displays it in one place
– A wire service is an organization
that gathers and distributes news
to newspapers, magazines,
broadcasters, Web sites, and
other organizations that pay a fee
to the wire service
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Finding Up-to-Date Weather
Information
• There are many sites devoted to weather forecasts,
including local news sites
• Web sites offer a wealth of other features and
information, including live radar, graphs, 10-day
forecasts, trip planners, severe weather reports,
satellite views, desktop weather apps, and video
forecasts
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Obtaining Maps and Destination
Information
• Maps can:
– Show an overview of a region or state
– Be zoomed to detailed maps
• With online maps you can:
– Get directions to a specific location
– Observe current traffic and weather conditions
– Look at a satellite view instead of a street map
– See photos of the location
– Find businesses in the area
– See activities and attractions in an area
– Identify services
– Find information such as gas prices and parking
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Obtaining Maps and Destination
Information
• Travel guide sites include:
– Descriptive and
comprehensive
information about a
location
– Reviews of hotels and
restaurants
– Trip ideas
– Travel deals
– Calendars of events
– Discussions, photos,
and blogs
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• Can use these sites to plan
a trip:
– Select a destination
– Learning about history
and attractions
– Find hotels and
restaurants
– Make flight and hotel
reservations
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Finding People and Businesses
• Most online
directories provide
access to both
people and business
contact information
• You can search for:
– An individual by
name, postal
address, email
address, or phone
number
– A specific
business by name
or by category in
a geographic area
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Finding People and Businesses
• Some sites provide other
features, including:
– Maps and driving directions
– Reviews of businesses
– Area code and zip code
lookup
– A person’s age and
information about his or her
relatives
– A background check
– Property value, sales history,
property details, and
neighborhood information
• Most directory sites charge a
fee to access the detailed
information
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Finding Products and Services Online
• E-commerce (electronic commerce) refers to the
process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering,
servicing, and paying for products and services
online
• Retailers have a presence on the Web
• Some retailers have both a physical location and a
Web site; others are online only without a
storefront/brick-and mortar store.
• Individuals also sell their products and services on
the Web
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Finding Products and Services Online
• The most prevalent
e-commerce site is
Amazon.com
• Individuals sell
items on the Web
using sites such as
eBay and craigslist
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Session 4.2 Overview
Web Page Citation Guidelines
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Understanding Copyright
• Many Web page elements and other items online are
forms of intellectual property, which includes all
creations of the human mind
• Intellectual property rights include the protections
afforded to individuals and companies by governments
through governments’ granting of copyrights and
patents, and through registration of trademarks and
service marks
• Once the term of a copyright has expired, the work is in
the public domain, which means anyone is free to copy
the files without requesting permission from the source
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Understanding Copyright
• Many Web page elements and other items online are forms of
intellectual property, which includes all creations of the
human mind
• Copyrights are granted by a government to the author or
creator of an original work
• Creations that can be copyrighted include virtually all forms of
artistic or intellectual expression
• The tangible form of the work can be words, numbers, notes,
sounds, pictures, and so forth
• Copyright protection exists whether the work is published or
unpublished
• In the U.S. (since 1978), the copyright is in effect for the life of
the author plus another 70 years
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Understanding Copyright
• Determining Fair Use
– U.S. copyright law allows
people to use portions of
copyrighted works without
obtaining permission from
the copyright holder if that
use is a fair use
– The fair use of a
copyrighted work includes
copying it for use in
criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching,
scholarship, or research
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• Courts generally consider the
following four factors when
determining fair use:
1. The purpose and character of
the new work
2. The nature of the copyrighted
work
3. The amount and substantiality
of the portion used in relation
to the copyrighted work as a
whole
4. The effect of the use on the
potential market, or value, of
the copyrighted work
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Understanding Copyright
• Works in the Public Domain
– Once the term of the copyright has expired, the
work moves into the public domain, which means
that anyone is free to copy the work without
requesting permission from the last copyright
holder
– A copyright can protect a particular expression of
a creative work in addition to the work itself
– Authors or creators can place their work into the
public domain voluntarily at any time
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Understanding Copyright
• Understanding Plagiarism
– Failure to cite the source of material that you use is called
plagiarism
– Plagiarism is a serious legal violation that can lead to a
failing grade, being expelled from school, being fired from
a job, or being subjected to a hefty fine or prosecution
– Plagiarism can be:
• As simple as including a sentence or two from someone
else’s work without using quotation marks or
attribution
• As blatant as duplicating substantial parts of someone
else’s work and claiming it as your own
• More subtle, such as paraphrasing someone else’s
content without the proper citation of the source
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Citing Web Resources
• All works you reference in a report or paper—whether they
are protected by copyright, in the public domain, or
considered fair use—need to be documented
• To address the issue of documenting dynamic Web pages,
digital intellectual content such as online journals, articles,
reports, and white papers are assigned a unique
alphanumeric string of characters, called a digital object
identifier (DOI)
• The DOI identifies the content and provides a persistent link
to its location (or locations) as long as the content exists
somewhere on the Internet
• The two most widely followed standards for academic
research citations are those of the American Psychological
Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association
(MLA)
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Citing Web Resources
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Libraries offer content (books, periodicals, journals,
and so forth) in a wide variety of formats
• An increasing number of books are available as ebooks
• Libraries can subscribe to huge databases that offer a
wealth of information
• Other print resources—such as periodicals, scholarly
journals, and government resources—have become
available on the Web
• Web resources can remain current and easily
accessible to their audiences
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Online References
– Many references, including dictionaries, thesauri,
encyclopedias, atlases, almanacs, quotations,
grammar checkers, rhyming dictionaries, and
language-translation sites
– Some require a subscription fee, but many free online
reference tools exist
– The Web also includes sites that offer full-text copies
of works that are no longer protected by copyright
– The Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine provides
researchers with a series of snapshots of Web pages
as they were at various points in history
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Periodical Databases
– Periodicals—magazines, journals, and other articles—
related to almost any industry, field, or topic abound
– Originally were available only in printed format at
libraries; now thousands are available on the Web
– If you know what periodical you want to search, you
could go directly to its Web site
– If you are more interested in articles related to a
particular topic, then you can use a periodical
database to locate them
– You can browse indexed articles by topic or you can
search for articles based on a keyword
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Online and Virtual Libraries
– Most libraries now provide online access to their
collections and services; you can:
• Search the library catalog and reserve or hold
books
• Access articles from newspapers and magazines
• Search databases to which the library subscribes
• Access general reference resources
– Many libraries also provide access to Web-based
books and videos, as well as make available e-books,
e-journals, and digital audiobooks
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Online and Virtual Libraries (continued)
– Another way to access library information is
through a virtual library, which is a Web site that
provides online access to library information
services
– Some virtual libraries are also portal sites that link
to a variety of library and reference sites on the
Web
– The portal site can be general and provide access
to a wide variety of Web sites, or it can be
specialized and provide access to related sites
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Online and Virtual
Libraries (continued)
– One free virtual library
resource is
LibrarySpot.com; it
includes many of the
same materials you
would find in a public
or school library
– Unlike a brick-andmortar library, these
libraries are open 24
hours a day and seven
days a week
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Government Sites
– The United States government collects and
creates a wide variety of information and provides
many services
– Much of this information is available on the Web
– You can go to local, state, and federal government
agency sites to locate specific information
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Government Sites
(continued)
– The THOMAS section
of the Library of
Congress Web site is a
serious research tool
that provides access to
the full text of bills that
are before the U.S.
Congress, the
Congressional Record,
and Congressional
Committee Reports
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Accessing Text-Based Resources Online
• Government Sites
– You can use a portal site to access any
government-related information from a central
place
– USA.gov
• The official Web portal for the U.S. government
• Provides access to all official U.S. government
services and information in one place
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Multimedia on the Web
• Multimedia is anything you can see or hear,
including text, pictures, audio/sound, videos, films,
or animations
• The use of multimedia elements on Web sites has, in
many instances, improved the functionality and
usefulness of the Web
• The Web is also a great resource for users seeking
specific multimedia such as graphics, photos, videos,
and music to use for their own purposes and
entertainment
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Graphic Images on the Web
– Images are commonly in one of three file formats:
• JPEG images for photographs
• GIF images for line drawings
• PNG images for more complex graphics
– To find graphic images on the Web, you can:
• Use a search engine to locate images related to your
search term
• Search stock photography sites; Stock images are
professional photographs, line drawings, and other
graphics that are available for purchase
• Find photographs to use through photo-sharing sites
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Audio Files on the Web
– You can find audio files on the Web
– “Audio” refers to sounds of any type: instrumental music,
songs with vocals, speeches, audio books, and sound
effects
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Audio Files on the Web (continued)
– You can find audio on the Web in a variety of places
• Some artists and bands sell and distribute their music on
their own
• Many online stores sell digitized music
• Digital music subscription services
– Digital audio books are popular download items
• Purchase directly from publishers, from etailers, or on sites
devoted to audio books
• Some are in the public domain and have been recorded so
that people can listen to them for free
• Some are protected by copyright and must be purchased or
used as part of a subscription service
• Some libraries offer for checkout just like printed books in
their catalog
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Audio Files on the Web (continued)
– Some sites place restrictions on the number of copies
you can make of each song
– A few sites restrict you from converting files into other
formats, or they restrict the types of devices on which
you are permitted to play the song
– The restrictions are implemented in the files
themselves, using systems of encoding called digital
rights management (DRM)
• Different online music vendors use different DRM
systems
• Their files might not be compatible with each other
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Video Files
– The term video refers to content that has a progression of
visual images and can include audio
– In a streaming transmission:
• The Web server sends the first part of the file to a Web
browser or a media player program, which
uncompresses and then plays the file
• While the first part of the file plays, the server is
sending the next segment of the file
– Streaming transmission allows you to access large audio or
video files in less time than the download-then-play
procedure because the streamed file begins playing before
it finishes downloading
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Video Files
– Video files are available in a variety of formats
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Multimedia on the Web
• Finding Video Files
– You can find videos
on the Web in a
variety of ways:
• Some sites are
devoted to video
distribution
• Other sites
provide stock
videos
• You can use a
search engine to
find video files on
the Web
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