Transcript Final Review - PCHS SCIENCE

Final Review
149-170
Ecology
149-158
Question 149
Which of the following is NOT a possible
consequence of global warming?
•
A. more frequent and intense hurricanes
B. rising sea level
C. increased incidents of sun burn and skin
cancer.
D. more frequent and intense droughts
•
•
•
•
With Warmer temps disease carrying
insects migrate north, bringing plague and
disease with them.
With warmer oceans we will get more
frequent and stronger hurricanes.
Some areas will see more flooding due to
increased rain other areas will suffer
serious droughts and heat waves. Africa
will receive the worst of it, with more
severe droughts also expected in Europe.
The water in the oceans will expand in
volume (warm things expand), and
additional water enters them which had
previously been locked up on land in
glaciers raising sea level and flooding
some of our most populated cities along
the coasts.
Forest Fires, Crops, water supplies,
extinctions, the list goes on. 
Question 150
What is the colorless, odorless,
and tasteless naturally
occurring gas produced by the
radioactive decay of uranium238?
A. Radon
B. Formaldehyde
C. nitrogen oxide
D. Ozone
E. CFCs
Yellow= minor risk
Orange = moderate risk
Red = High risk
Notice Wake County’s risk level
– Radon-222 is a colorless,
odorless, and tasteless
naturally occurring gas
produced by the radioactive
decay of uranium-238.
– Outdoors, radon gas seeps
from the ground into the
atmosphere, where it is
diluted to harmless levels.
– Radon gas can enter through
cracks in a foundation and
build up to high levels indoors.
– Once indoors, radon gas
decays into radioactive
elements that can be inhaled,
causing an increased risk of
lung cancer.
Question 151
When sulfur oxide and
nitrogen oxide are
released into the air,
they can cause
A. sulfurous precipitation
B. acid precipitation
C. nitrogen precipitation.
D. acidic air.
• Acid precipitation is
precipitation with a pH
of less
than 5.0.
• Acid precipitation forms
when sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides
combine with
atmospheric moisture
to create sulfuric acid
and nitric acid.
Question 152
–
What is the main problem
caused by the ozone
hole?
much
radiation
– A.Thetoo
ozone
layer serves
as a protective
shield
as it absorbs
and filters out harmful –
escapes
Earth
UV radiation.
too
much
radiation
– B.The
Montreal
Proetocol,
which 186
countries
hadEarth
signd by 2003, calls for a
reaches
phase-out in the production and use of
C.most
tooozone-destroying
little radiation
chemicals by
developed
reachescountries
Earthby the year 2005 and
developing countries by the year 2015.
D. too little radiation
escapes Earth
The ozone layer serves as
a protective shield as it
absorbs and filters out
harmful UV radiation.
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), which were
previously used in
refrigerators, cleaning
agents, and as propellants
in aerosol cans, used to
contribute to ozone
destruction in the upper
atmosphere.
Question 153
What caused much of the ozone
depletion?
A. Radon
B. Formaldehyde
C. nitrogen oxide
D. Sulfur oxides
E.
CFCs
•
•
•
Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2
ClO + O ==> Cl + O2
-----------------net result: O3 + O ===> 2O2
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which
were previously used in refrigerators,
cleaning agents, and as propellants in
aerosol cans, used to contribute to
ozone destruction in the upper
atmosphere.
The chlorine atoms of the CFCs act as
a catalyst where they attach and
remove an Oxygen atom from the
Ozone molecule (remember Ozone is
O3) turning it back into regular
Oxygen.
That Chlorine can continue the
process over and over and is not used
up in the chemical process so a single
CFC molecule can destroy 100,000
ozone molecules before it is removed
from the stratosphere.
Question 154
The number of different species in an
area is known as …
A.
B.
C.
D.
population
completion.
Biodiversity.
carrying capacity
•
•
•
•
Simply put, biodiversity is life in all its
variety: over 14 million species found
from mountain top to deep-sea vent.
But it is much more. Those species
connect, and interact. Those
interactions create communities and
systems, and those systems provide
goods and services such as oxygen
production, pollination, water
filtration and storage, pest control,
food production, carbon storage and
erosion control.
Again, simply put, biodiversity
anchors nature’s life support system.
The effect of human activities magnified in recent years by
population growth and global climate
change - has greatly reduced
biodiversity (mostly through habitat
destruction) in ecosystems around
the world.
Question 155
Which of the following is a
biotic factor in an
ecosystem?
A. Number of predators.
B. Amount of light
received.
C. Averate precipitation.
D. Average temperature.
• Biotic factors ; are living
components of an
ecosphere.
• Abiotic factors; are nonliving components of an
ecosphere such as
minerals and nutrients,
sunlight, temperatures,
precipitation, etc….
Question 156
The increase in the size of Earth’s human
population in the last century has been
dramatic. Which of the following identifies
two major contributors to this increase?
A.
New methods of agriculture and the
identification of new food crops
B.
The industrial revolution and modern
medicine
C.
Increased emigration/immigration and
decreased warfare
D.
New methods of birth control and
decreased warfare
E.
Increased education for women and the
development of new pesticides
•
•
•
•
•
The early period of hunters and gatherers less than a few million people
The rise of agriculture - first major increase
in the human population (still not large yet
though)
The Industrial Revolution - improvements in
the food supply and health care led to a
rapid population growth
The human population has skyrocketed in
recent times. 2000 years ago, the Earth was
home to just 300 million humans, roughly
the population of the United States today.
Two hundred years ago, 1 billion humans
lived on our planet Earth. The world
population is now right at 7 billion and
growing rapidly. If current trends continue,
we will add another 1 billion to the world
population every 13 or 14 years.
This explosive growth came about because
death rates fell faster than birth rates. The
availability of antibiotics, immunizations,
clean water, and increased food production
yielded tremendous improvements in infant
and child mortality. A rise in average life
expectancy has also contributed to the surge
in human numbers.
Question 157
The current world
population is closest to
which of the following?
A. 1 billion
B. 3 billion
C. 5 billion
D. 7 billion
E. 9 billion
• The 7 billion
(6,973,738,433 )
currently on Earth could
probably not all live like
Americans, much as
they might want to.
Question 158
Which of the following
correctly orders the
methods of solid-waste
management in terms of
energy required?
Least Energy -- Most
Energy
A. Reuse -Recycle- Reduce
B. Recycle - Reuse - Reduce
C. Recycle - Reduce - Reuse
D. Reduce- Reuse – Recycle
E. Reduce – Recycle - Reuse
Astronomy Review
159-170
Question 159
What advantage do space
telescopes have over
telescopes used on Earth?
A. They are much cheaper
to build
B. They are not affected by
the Earth’s atmosphere
C. They do not need lenses
or mirrors to gather light
D. They last longer
E. They are easier to easier
to maintain.
– Earth’s atmosphere
blocks infrared radiation,
ultraviolet radiation, X
rays, and gamma rays. So
we loss all that
information with ground
telescopes.
– When Earth’s atmosphere
does allow certain
wavelengths to pass
through, the images are
blurred.
Hubble added clarity to the discovery of the
brown dwarf star GL229B. The brown dwarf was
about the size of Jupiter, and thanks to Hubble’s
Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, astronomers
were able to calculate the star’s size and
distance from Earth.
Question 160
What occurs each year on
September 22nd or 23rd?
A. The number of hours of
daylight and of darkness are
equal everywhere on the
earth.
B. The North Pole tilts directly
toward the sun.
C. The sun’s vertical rays strike
along the Tropic of Cancer.
D. The moon is at perihelion in
its orbit around the sun.
E. Mr. Ogren’s Birthday
depending on if he forgot it
or not.
The autumnal equinox occurs
around September 21, halfway
between the summer and the
winter solstices when the Sun
is directly over the equator.
This is when the Sun is directly
overhead at the equator, both
hemispheres receive equal
amounts of sunlight.
Question 160 continued
Question 161
In the northern hemisphere as we
go from June 21st to December
21st
A. The altitude of the sun
increases
B. The altitude of the sun
decreases
C. The zenith of the sun
increases
D. The zenith of the sun
decreases
E. The altitude of the sun stays
the same during that time
period.
As a result of the tilt of Earth’s axis and Earth’s
motion around the Sun, the Sun is at a
higher altitude in the sky during summer
than in the winter.
Altitude is measured in degrees from the
observer’s horizon to the object. There
are 90 degrees from the horizon to the
point directly overhead, called the zenith
of the observer.
As Earth moves from position 1, through
position 2, to position 3, the altitude of
the Sun decreases in the northern
hemisphere.
Question 162
The Earth makes one
complete rotation every
_____.
a. An hour
b. 10 hours
c. 24 hours
d. 29.5 days
e. 365 days
Earth's rotation is the rotation of the solid
Earth around its own axis. Creates day and
night and takes one full day to rotate
completely.
The Earth rotates in a
______ direction.
A. Clockwise
B. Counter Clockwise
The Earth rotations from East to West
Question 163
– When the Moon perfectly blocks the Sun’s disk, we see
A solar
eclipse
occurs
According
to the
diagram
only the dim,
outer
gaseous layers
of the
Sun in
whatwhen
is
the Moon passes directly
called aatotal
solar
eclipse.
below,
solar
eclipse
is
between
theblocks
Sun and
Earth
– most
A partial
solar
the Moon
only
likely
toeclipse
occuris seen when
and blocks our view of the
a portion of the Sun’s disk.
when the moon is in
Sun. you must be in the
– Notice for a Total eclipse to take place
position:
Umbra (shadow) of the moon.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
Question 164
• A lunar to
eclipse
happen only
atlunar
the time
of aoccurs
full moon,
• A
eclipse
when
According
the can
diagram
when the Moon is in the opposite
direction
from
the Sun.
the
full
Moon
passes
below, a lunar eclipse is
Earth’s
shadow.
•most
A total
lunartoeclipse
the entire
Moon
is
likely
occuroccurs whenthrough
within Earth’s umbra.
when the moon is in
position:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Question 165
When the earth is at the
farthest point in its
orbit from the sun, it is
said to be at:
A. the elliptical
B. Perihelion
C. the equinox
D. aphelion
All planets are in an
elliptical orbit that is
not at a constant
distance from the Sun.
Perihelion is when a
planet is at the closest
point to the Sun in its
orbit.
Aphelion is when a planet
is farthest point from
the Sun during its orbit.
Question 166
The closer a planet is to
the sun
a. the slower it travels
around the sun
b. the faster it travels
around the sun
c. the smaller the angle of
its axis
d. the greater the angle of
its axis
• Kepler’s second law states
that a planet moves fastest
when close to the Sun and
slowest when far from the
Sun. Each shaded area
below is equal to the same
amount of time.
Question 167
Today, the most widely accepted
model of our solar system is the
_____ model.
a. Orbit
b. Eclipse
c. Geocentric
d. Heliocentric
e. Hubble
Ancient astronomers assumed that the Sun,
planets, and stars orbited a stationary Earth
in what is now known as a geocentric model,
meaning “Earth centered.”
Some aspects of planetary motion were difficult
to explain with a geocentric model.
– The normal direction of motion for all
planets, as observed from Earth, is toward
the east.
– Retrograde motion is when a planet
occasionally will move toward the west
across the sky.
In 1543, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus
suggested that the Sun was the center of the
solar system.
– In a Sun-centered, or heliocentric, model, the
inner planets move faster in their orbits than
the outer
planets do.
– As Earth bypasses a slower-moving outer
planet, it appears that the outer planet
temporarily moves backward in the sky.
Question 168
If a Star’s spectral lines are
shifted towards the red end of
the spectrum, then the star is
doing what in comparison to
Earth?
A. moving towards Earth
B. moving away from Earth
C. moving at the same rate as
Earth
D. Getting Warmer
E. none of the above
What is this change in wavelength
called? Doppler Effect
Spectral lines (light coming from
stars) are shifted in
wavelength by motion
between the source of light
and the observer due to the
Doppler effect.
• If a star is moving toward
the observer, the spectral
lines are shifted toward
shorter wavelengths, or
blueshifted.
• If the star is moving away,
the wavelengths become
longer, or redshifted.
Question 169
What information does a star’s
spectrum offer about the
star?
A. Size
B. Chemical composition
C. Age
D. Magnitude
E. None of the above
A spectrum is just a fancy term for the different
colors of light that are coming from a star.
If you've ever shined light through a prism and
seen the rainbow of colors that comes out
the other end, that’s a spectrum.
The light that comes to us from stars is very
similar - although it looks to our eyes like it is
just one color, it is actually made up of many
different colors.
The spectra that we see coming from stars often
contain what look like dark lines at particular
colors, which means there is much less light
coming from the star at that color than at the
nearby colors. This usually means that the
star's atmosphere contains certain types of
molecules which absorb light of that color, so
we don't see as much of it coming from the
star. Astronomers can use the information
from these "spectral lines" to figure out what
chemical composition that star is made of.
Question 170
Another name for the
interstellar matter that will
eventually form a star is
____.
a. Supernova
b. black hole
c. red giant
d. Nebula
e. Planentismal
• A nebula (pl. nebulae) is a
cloud of interstellar gas
and dust.
– Star formation begins when
the nebula collapses on
itself as a result of its own
gravity.
– As the cloud contracts, its
rotation forces it into a
disk shape.
– A protostar is a hot
condensed object that
forms at the center of the
disk that will become a new
star.