Transcript Chapter 10
10 Providing for the Infants Developmental Needs Chapter 10 1 Physical Needs Physical needs are the most basic needs of humans Needs for food and sleep Babies who are hungry, tired or sick suffer in physical, mental, social and emotional ways 2 Feeding Most basic physical need Baby’s body grows quickly in first year 3 times faster than in 2nd or 3rd year 3 Nutrients are the substances in food that give babies energy and help them grow. Meeting a baby’s food needs quickly alleviates hunger Sensation of hunger may be physically painful for a very young baby 4 Cries from hunger differs from other cries, which makes it easy for parents to recognize Promptly responding teaches the infant his or her needs will be met Erickson calls this learning a sense of basic trust 5 Feeding time is comforting for babies Deepen their relationship with the baby Be loving, warm and concerned promotes baby’s social and emotional development 6 Feeding During The First Year Needs depend on baby’s size and how fast he or she is growing Depends on health, heredity, and level of activity Pediatrician and dietitian can help parents learn what and how much to feed 7 First Foods Begin by “eating” an all liquid diet (breast milk or formula) Between 6 months and 1 year begins to eat fruits, vegetables, meats and breads which are call solids For infant feeding these should be semi-liquid, mush food 8 Infant Feeding Commercial foods Prepared baby foods Table foods Foods must be mashed, pureed, or strained 9 Doctors do not suggest solids for the first 6 months for the following reasons: Babies are not born with the ability to swallow solids Babies do not need solids for nutritional reasons and can’t digest complex nutrients Starting solids too early may cause an allergy or intolerance problems 10 Some solids have too much sodium. May increase the baby’s chance of high blood pressure as an adult Solids may be too high in calories. Make baby gain weight too quickly Holding a baby close while formulaor breast-feeding gives the baby a warm feeling of physical closeness 11 Introducing New Foods Introduce one food at a time Feed in small amounts Don’t add another new food for at least 4 to 5 days—helps to see if there is intolerance Intolerance –negative physical reaction that eating a certain food can cause 12 Food intolerance shows in 1 to 4 days Wait until after 1st birthday to reintroduce and if a negative reaction may require testing 13 Foods to Avoid Small or hard foods that might lead to choking Foods like cake, crackers, and soft drinks which have too much sugar, sodium, or artificial flavors 14 Unpasteurized yogurt and foods that contain yeast are hard for babies to digest Stimulants (caffeine) –speed up the functions of organs, such as the heart and nervous system Depressants (alcohol) – slow the functions of the organs and nervous centers 15 Feeding Schedule Fits the baby’s needs Some like smaller, more frequent meals Others like more food and less often Baby’s growth slows at the end of the 1st year and appetite will decrease 16 Homemade VS Store Bought Baby Foods See the charts 10-6 and 10-7 which show advantages When buying commercially check for freshness Check the sell-by-date=last date the store should sell the product 17 Make sure containers are sealed properly and not opened See if the safety button is not risen Spoon out the amount needed and not from the jar, you can introduce bacteria from the baby’s saliva If it needs to be heated, test it first Most babies like room temperature best 18 Weaning Weaning is the process of taking the baby off the bottle or breast Should be gradual Must learn new way of drinking Age at weaning depend on whether baby is breast or bottle fed (consult physician) 19 Weaning from the Breast American Academy of Pediatrics recommends mothers breast feed for at least 12 months May nurse longer by needs to be weaned by 18 to 24 months Weaned before 1 year, need an ironfortified formula If weaned after 1 year can offer whole cow’s milk 20 Children between 1 and 2 should drink whole milk rather than reduced fat milk Formulas designed for toddlers are not better for children than cow’s milk after 1 year 21 May wean to a bottle or a cup depending on age If skilled enough they can use the cup Abrupt weaning is stressful for the baby and mom may have blocked milk ducts and suffer from depression (slow process) 22 Consult your physician on the way to wean your child Early evening best time to start, change up ½ of the feeding and end with breast feeding Early morning last feeding to stop Breast-fed accept a cup sooner than bottle-fed babies 23 Weaning to Cup Formula-fed babies wean as early as the child shows interest As early as 9 months but recommended at 12 months Often completed by 18 months 24 Teaching Babies to Drink from Cup Give the baby a special baby cup With 2 handles and weighted in the bottom Praise the baby when he or she tried to handle the cup Give the baby a few sips of liquid at about 6 months Let the baby drink small amounts of milk at one feeding Gradually replace other bottle feeding sin the same way 25 Spoon Feeding Eating from a spoon is developmental Most pediatricians recommend the baby be 6 months old Developmentally ready to learn to eat with a spoon 26 Closer to 6 months, the better he or she will do with this developmental task. True for the following reasons: Until babies are 16 to 18 weeks old, they have an extrusion reflex (tongue trusts forward when it is touched by an object) won’t open their mouths until they are 5 months old 27 Babies do not need more nutrition that breast milk or formula until they reach 13 to 15 pounds Before 6 months of age, babies do not have the needed enzymes (special proteins that aid in digestion) or saliva for digesting solid foods 28 American Academy of Pediatrics Recommends the first solid food a commercial iron-enriched rice cereal First feedings, cereal should “pour” from the spoon Using breast milk or formula makes it more nutritious 29 Solids are always fed from a spoon “infant feeder” is a bottle with a large hole in it and defeats the purpose of baby learning how to use his or her tongue and throat to chew, swallow, and breath Non spoon methods present a risk of choking 30 Plastic coated baby spoon protects infants sensitive gums Don’t wait too long to feed Feed solids early in the day or early afternoon, more apt to have colic if later 31 Babies may push food and spoon out of their mouths This is a reflexive response to strange objects and doesn’t mean baby doesn’t want it Continue offering until babies turns their head or close their mouths 32 Self-feeding Finger foods are foods a baby can self-feed using fingers Near the end of the 1st year babies develop skill of self-feeding at the same time they develop the pincer grasp 33 Eating finger foods is fun Can be hazardous May choke or gag on new textures Keep baby in view Offer only “safer” food 34 Self-feeding with a spoon begins in the second year They may want to help so give them a spoon to hold while feeding them Some parents let them use the spoon for the last few bites 35 Clothing Grow quickly and outgrow clothes Clothing should be easy to move in 36 Style & Color Any style has advantages and disadvantage Two-piece outfits easier to dress and worn longer because of no crotch area to get tight One-piece look neater, warmer and easy to crawl in 37 Shoes Not needed until a baby begins to walk outdoors Outdoors need cushion and protection for feet Indoors, babies should walk without shoes to prevent flat-footed walking Most worn in the 1st year are for decoration (soft soles, cloth soles) 38 Good Consumer Sense Shop for quality and compare prices Follow these tips: Look for built-in growth features Double row of snaps, buttons, stretch waists and stretch leg openings 39 Choose more stretch knit garments than woven garments Look for flame-retardant finishes on clothing Look for ease-of-care labels 40 Caring for Baby Clothes Follow these practices: Before cleaning clothes, read labels and tags Infants’ and children’s clothes often need to go through more rinses than other clothing When washing baby sleepwear, do not add fabric softener to the load Can reduce flame-retardant qualities of clothing 41 Many parents store baby clothes for future children or as keepsakes Before storing, clean clothes, soiled spots, etc 42 Diapering Baby Require frequent diaper changes Changes sizes as child grows Older babies wiggle more and may protest when diapered Keep diaper-changing areas very clean (wash your hands) 43 Tub Bathing Can begin as soon as the baby’s navel has healed Small tub filled with about 3 inches of water Comfortably warm temperature Test by dipping elbow or wrist Good time for play, talk, sing, cuddle, and smile Developing good motor skills and fun 44 Establishing Routines Helps them feel secure and teaches them what to expect Having one’s physical needs met promptly, help infants develop basic trust Schedule is important but adjust as it needs to be Routines should fit babys’ and adults’ needs Change as baby matures 45 Rest & Sleep Important for baby’s health Some sleep through night at 12 weeks others are later Awakening babies after 4 hours of daytime sleep should help baby sleep longer at night 46 Some will awaken and cry during night (5 – 8 months) may not be hunger but loneliness Parents should check, comfort for a few minutes and then put them back down 47 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS kills many infants during their first year of life Strikes seemingly healthy babies Simply stop breathing 3rd leading cause of death in infants of 1 week to 12 months Most common to strike between 1 and 4th month 48 Cause of SIDS unknown Only diagnosed after all other possible causes of death are ruled out Some theories think a virus that attacks the brain stem before or shortly after birth 49 Some studies show babies sleeping on stomachs as a cause May not be able to move heads May be rebreathing exhaled air 50 Precautions for parents Avoid as many of the risk factors before and after the birth Place baby on a firm mattress Do not use fluffy blankets, comforters, throws, stuffed toys, or pillows in bed 51 Make sure baby does not get too warm while sleeping Have regular well-baby check ups Use a breathing monitor and alarm if recommended by your doctor Place baby on his or her back Back sleeping may have helped the 40% of SIDS 52 Places for Sleep and Play Babies should sleep away from major activities Use a screen to section off part of their bedroom Their own room or playroom if possible 53 Sleeping area should be large enough for full size crib A rocker is convenient in sleeping area 54 Play Area Babies are messy and spaces should be washable All spaces must be safe Decorate children’s room with their tastes in mind Babies grow quickly, spaces should be planned for easy and economical changes as baby’s needs change 55 Intellectual Needs Enriched environment ==an environment that offers a person many chances to learn Caregivers who expected them to learn at an early age developed more quickly 56 Adults can provide learning experiences for babies soon after birth Rate of learning cannot be increased Too many toys and activities can confuse or bore the child 57 Skillful caregiver knows how to use activities to meet babies’ intellectual needs. Adults can use the following methods. Watch for signs of the baby’s interest in certain experiences, shows interest, show the baby how to use a toy 58 Let the baby begin most activities then expand on them Repeat games many times. Help baby retain skills the games build Let babies try things on their own 59 Activities to Stimulate the Senses Sensory stimulation involves using the senses to learn about the environment Piaget says babies use their senses as a major way of learning All 5 sense my be stimulated to develop full learning 60 Problem Solving Activities Peek a boo Teaches that a person is there even though he or she can’t be seen Object permanence 61 Motor Activities Coordination is the working together of muscles in movements such as walking Use of gross motor skills such as rolling over, sitting, crawling, etc Use of small motor skills such as playing with blocks 62 Language Activities Babies learn language by hearing people talk Not important exact words but ust hearing words “I’m putting on your green shirt.” “Isn’t this a pretty shirt?” 63 Changing pitch and singing also adds interest Reading to infants daily exposes them to new words and ideas 64 Social-Emotional Needs Centers on baby and adult interaction Babies react to adults’ feeling and actions Adults’ feelings are conveyed mainly through the way they hold, touch, and look at the baby 65 Adults who are tense and the baby’s needs aren’t met, the baby becomes fussy and difficult When adults are relaxed and the baby’s need are me, the baby is often more quiet and cooperative 66 Babies feel love through physical contact with the adult Quality of the relationship is influenced more by the total number of messages and the strength of these messages 67 Helping Babies Develop SelfAwareness Self-awareness or an understanding of himself or herself as a unique person They form a mental picture of themselves 68 Babies gaze at their hands for hours, making slight movements Infants also learn how their movements can affect other objects Might move a hand and bat a toy 69 Looking in mirrors also increases self-awareness Toward the end of the first year, babies become possessive about some objects Learn that some objects belong to them and increase self-awareness 70 Handling Special Problems Decide if the problem is temporary If the problem continues, talk to an expert Get help when needed Give in to a baby’s demands sometimes, if the results are not serious Remain calm. This helps the baby and the adult 71 Recognizing Developmental Delays Simple means a child’s development falls far behind typical children of his or her age in one or more areas Large gap indicates a more serious delay Seeking early help can keep some problems from worsening 72