Chapter 6 - Business Costs & Revenue
Download
Report
Transcript Chapter 6 - Business Costs & Revenue
Chapter 6 –
Business Costs & Revenue
Syllabus Unit – Business Finance and Accounting
You will learn ……
Why businesses need to know the costs
of running their activities and the revenue
gained by selling their products
The different types of costs involved in
running a business
How break-even analysis helps managers
make decisions
The purpose of budgets and financial
forecasts
Business Costs
Why do we need to
know business
costs?
◦ Comparing Costs &
Revenue
◦ Determining
Profit/Loss
◦ Comparing locations of
a possible new site
◦ Price Determination
Business Costs
List 10 costs that would be involved in
opening and running a new factory
making sport shoes
Business Costs
Fixed Costs (FC)
◦ Do not vary with
output in the shortterm
◦ Paid regardless of
output
◦ “Overhead Costs”
Business Costs
Variable Costs (VC)
◦ Vary with output
◦ Costs directly associated
with output
◦ “Direct Costs
Business Costs
Total Costs (TC)
◦ Fixed Costs
+
Variable Costs
Break-Even
The Break-even point (BEP) is the
point at which cost or expenses and
revenue are equal: there is no net loss or
gain
Break-even charts show;
◦ Costs
◦ Revenue
Price x Quantity (P x Q)
◦ Level of sales to breakeven
Break-even
Break-Even Charts
Break-even Charts
Namib Tyres Ltd produce
motorcycle tyres. The
following information about
the business has been
obtained
◦
◦
◦
◦
Fixed Costs are $30,000 per year
Variable Costs are $5 per unit
Each tyre is sold for $10
Maximum output is 10,000 tyres
per year
Break-even Charts
Advantages
◦ Identify break-even point of
production
◦ Calculate maximum profit
◦ Expected profit/loss at
different levels of output
◦ Impacts on BEP with various
business decisions
◦ Helps in decision-making
◦ Margin of Safety
Break-even Charts
Disadvantages
◦ Assumes all goods
produced are sold
◦ Fixed costs constant only
if scale of production
doesn’t change
◦ Ignores other aspects of
the business which need
to be analysed
◦ Straight lines not realistic
Break-Even Equation
Breakeven Equation
Total Fixed Costs
Contribution Per Unit
Contribution
◦ Selling Price – Variable Cost
Break-Even Equation
A fast food restaurant sells meals for $6
each. The variable costs of preparing and
serving each meal are $2. The monthly fixed
costs amount to $3600
a) How many meals must be sold each month
for the restaurant to break-even?
b) If the restaurant sold 1500 meals in one
month, what was the profit made in that
month?
c) If the cost of the food ingredients rose by
$1 per meal, What would be the new
break-even level of production?
More Business Costs
Direct Costs
◦ Directly identified with each unit of
production
◦ Vary with the level of output
More Business Costs
Indirect Costs
◦ Not identified with each unit of production
◦ Associated with performing a range of tasks
or producing a range of products
◦ Overheads
More Business Costs
Marginal Costs
◦ Additional costs for producing one more unit
of product
◦ Extra variable costs will be needed for that
one extra unit
More Business Costs
Average Cost Per Unit
Total Costs
Output
Economies of Scale
Purchasing Economies
◦ Bulk-buying discounts
Economies of Scale
Marketing Economies
◦ Transport
◦ Advertising
Economies of Scale
Financial Economies
◦ Lower interest rates
Economies of Scale
Managerial Economies
◦ Specialists in all departments
Economies of Scale
Technical Economies
◦ Specialisation
◦ Latest equipment
Diseconomies of Scale
Poor Communication
Diseconomies of Scale
Slower Decision-Making
Diseconomies of Scale
Low Moral
Budgets & Forecasts
Budgets
◦ Plans for the future
containing numerical or
financial targets
Forecasts
◦ Are predictions of the
future
Reasons why businesses fail
Do not consider
future at all and make
no plans
Unprepared for
unforeseen events
Budgets & Forecasts
Managers try to
predict/forecast
◦ Sales / Customer
Demand
◦ Exchange rates of the
currency
◦ Wage rises
Budgets & Forecasts
A managers biggest problem is …….
uncertainty about the future
Forecasting Methods
Trend
◦ An underlying movement or direction of data
overtime
◦ This can be extended into the future
Forecasting Methods
Line of Best Fit
◦ Figures plotted on graph (scatter diagram)
◦ Line extended into the future
Forecasting Methods
Panel Consensus
◦ A panel of experts are asked for their
opinions
◦ Most likely to be on future sales
Forecasting Methods
Market Research Surveys
◦ Useful in forecasting sales that are yet to be
launched onto the market
◦ No previous data exists
Budgets
Plans for the future containing numerical
and financial targets
Budgets
Businesses plan months/years ahead
Plan ahead for future reactions
Future targets in numerical/financial terms
Budgets
Budgets are set for;
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Revenues
Costs
Production Levels
Raw Material Requirements
Labour Hours Needed
Cash Flow
Master budget is derived
from these smaller
budgets
Budget and Forecasts
Budgets
Advantages
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Departmental Target Setting
Gives focus
Motivates
Variance Analysis
Worker, Supervisor & Manager involvement
Helps to control the business
Budgets
Reviewing past activities
Budgeting useful for:
Comparing actual with
budgeted figures
Controlling current
business activity –
Keeping to Targets
Planning for the Future
Setting Goals to be
achieved