Transcript Art - HCC Learning Web

Anthropology
Appreciating Human Diversity
Fifteenth Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
University of Michigan
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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ARTS, MEDIA, AND
SPORTS
22-2
ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS
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What Is Art?
Art, Society, and Culture
Media and Culture
Sports and Culture
22-3
ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS
• What are the arts, and how have they varied
historically and cross-culturally?
• How does culture influence the media, and
media affect culture?
• How are culture and cultural contrasts
expressed in sports?
22-4
WHAT IS ART?
• Arts: include music, theater arts, visual arts,
storytelling, and literature
• Expressive culture: manifestations of human
creativity
• Many cultures lack terms that can be translated
easily as “art” or “the arts”
22-5
WHAT IS ART?
• Art: an object, event, or other expressive
form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
• Aesthetics: an appreciation of the qualities
perceived in art
• Mills: in many cultures, role of art lover lacks
definition, because art not viewed as separate
activity
22-6
ART AND RELIGION
• Maquet: Artwork is something that stimulates
and sustains contemplation
• Much art is done in association with religion
• Art may be created, performed, or displayed
outdoors in public or in special indoor settings
• Art is produced for its aesthetic value as well as
religious purposes
22-7
LOCATING ART
• Tribal societies typically lack museums, but
some maintain special areas where artistic
expression takes place
• State societies rely on critics, judges, and experts
to define what’s art and what isn’t
• We need to avoid applying our own standards
about what is art to the products of other cultures
• Kalabari
22-8
Figure 22.1: Location of the Kalabari of Nigeria
22-9
ART AND INDIVIDUALITY
• Some anthropologists argue study of
non-Western art ignores individual and
focuses on the group
• To some extent, more collective effort
• Bohannan: pay less attention to artists and more
attention to art critics and products
• Haapala: artists and works are inseparable
• A thing of beauty may be a joy forever even if we
don’t credit its creator
22-10
THE WORK OF ART
• For the artist, art is work
• In nonstate societies, artists cannot work on art
all the time
• In states, artists are full-time specialists whose
career is their work
• For such familiar genres as painting or music,
societies tend to have standards by which they
judge whether an artwork is complete or fully
realized
22-11
ART, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE
• Around 100,000 years ago, some of
world’s first artists occupied Blombos Cave
• Henshilwood: sharp instruments show symbolic
thinking
• In Europe, art goes back more than 30,000
years to the Upper Paleolithic
• Art usually more public than cave paintings
ART SOCIETY AND CULTURE
22-12
ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
• Ethnomusicology: comparative study of
music of the world and as an aspect of
culture and society
• Music: a cultural universal, and musical abilities
seem to run in families
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Music arose early in human history
All cultures have lullabies
Music is inherently cultural and social
Folk art, music, and lore refer to expressive culture
of ordinary people
22-13
ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
• Basongye: three features to distinguish
between music and other sounds
• Music always involves humans
• Musical sounds must be organized
• Music must continue
• Folk: of the people; e.g., art, music, and lore
of ordinary people
• Planinica
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Figure 22.2: Location of the Basongye
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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REPRESENTATIONS OF ART
AND CULTURE
• Art can stand for tradition, even when
traditional art is removed from its original
(rural) context
• Grimshaw: many ethnographic films start off
with music, often drumbeats
• Assumption that arts of nonindustrial societies
usually have a link with religion
22-16
ART AND COMMUNICATION
• Art functions in society as form of
communication between artist and
community or audience
• Certain segments of population are more likely
to appreciate certain forms of art
• Tension and resolution of drama can lead
to catharsis; intense emotional release
• Often, art is meant to commemorate and to
carry an enduring message
22-17
ART AND POLITICS
• Art can express or challenge community
sentiment and standards
• Much art that is valued today was received with
revulsion in its own time
• In U.S., no museum director can mount exhibit
without considering politically organized
segments of society
22-18
THE CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
OF THE ARTS
• As part of culture, appreciation for arts
depends on cultural background
• Appreciation for the arts is learned
• Navajo music: individualism; conservatism;
proper form
• In many societies, myths, legends, tales, and art
of storytelling play important roles in transmission
of culture and preservation of tradition
22-19
Figure 22.3: Location of the Navajo
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THE ARTISTIC CAREER
• In nonindustrial societies, artists tend to be
part-time specialists
• Many non-Western societies offer career tracks
into the arts
• Children born into certain lineages are destined
for particular artistic careers
• Artists need support
• Arts are by definition neither practical nor ordinary
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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
• The arts go on changing, although certain art
forms have survived for thousands of years
• Countries and cultures are known for particular
contributions, including art:
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Balinese: dance
Navajo: sand paintings, jewelry, weaving
French: cuisine
Greeks: drama
22-22
MEDIA AND CULTURE
• Mass culture features
cultural forms that
appear and spread
rapidly because of
major changes in
material conditions
• Provides framework
of common expectations,
experiences, and behavior
that overrides differences
22-23
USING THE MEDIA
• Text: anything that can be processed,
interpreted, and assigned meaning by
anyone exposed to it
• Fiske: individual’s use of popular culture is a
creative act
• Media consumers actively select, evaluate, and
interpret media in ways that make sense to them
• Media offer rich web of external connections
• Media provide social cement
22-24
RECAP 22.1: Star Wars as a
Structural Transformation of The Wizard of Oz
22-25
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF
TELEVISION
• Kottak: family planning is one area TV has
influenced behavior
• Current viewing level, and number of years of TV
presence in the home predictors of (smaller)
family size
• Limited number of players in each telenovela
22-26
SPORTS AND CULTURE
• Football
• Popularity depends directly on mass media
• Arens: football is popular because it symbolizes
certain key aspects of U.S. life
• Illustrates values of hard work and teamwork
• Montague and Morais: presents miniaturized and
simplified version of modern organizations
22-27
WHAT DETERMINES INTERNATIONAL
SPORTS SUCCESS?
• Cultural values, social forces, and media
• Media can heighten interest
• Brazilian media strikingly intolerant of losers
• The U.S. culture: hard work and personal
improvement as important as winning
22-28
BEING VERSUS DOING
• An American’s identity emerges as a result
of what he or she does
• In Brazil, identity rests on being
• The U.S. media almost always focus on some
aspect of doing
• U.S. sports coverage feasts on unexpected
results
• Despite focus on doing, American culture does
not insist that individuals can fully control
outcomes
22-29