Transcript marriage2
Solving the Problem of Cooperation Marriage and Family (Ch. 20) Kinship and Descent (Ch. 21) Genealogical Space …that space that contains all human beings Kindred … everyone related to ego. The Last Judgment Hieronymus Bosch Social Anthropology Genealogical Space Descent Males Females Marriage affinal consanguineal Generation consanguineal Kinship and Descent Concerning matterUniversals… of relatives: These are the Cultural consanguineal relatives affinal term of address term of reference Kinship and Descent The investigation of kinship terminology begins with a distinction between kin types and kin terms. Kin types refer to the basic uncategorized relationships that anthropologists use to describe the actual contents of kinship categories. They are supposedly culture free, etic components. Kin terms are the labels for categories of kin that include one or more kin types. They are emic structures and vary across cultures. Kin Types Primary components and letter symbols Mother [M] Father [F] Sister [Z] Brother [B] Daughter [D] Son [S] Husband [H] Wife [W] Rules of Descent Unilineal Matrilineal Patrilineal Bilineal (Bilateral) Double Ambilineal Bilineal descent Eskimo Kinship Similar to “American” system Matrilineal descent Crow, Trobriand Islanders, Navajo Patrilineal descent Omaha, Bakhtiari, Nuer, Traditional China Lineage - descent group w/common ancestor Fission - splitting of group Clan - same as lineage w/o known common ancestor (Mendi of New Guinea) Totemism - relation to common ancestral spirit Phratry - two or more clans w/common ancestor Moiety - half of a society divided by descent Kindred - consanguineal relatives of single individual Rules of Residence Neolocal Associated with bilineal descent Matrilocal Associated with matrilineal descent Patrilocal Associated with patrilineal descent Ambilocal Associated with bilineal descent Formation of Groups Marriage and Family Marriage and Family Marriage “…a relationship between one orofmore “The notion of marriage as a sacrament …one variable in the formation In a 2005 book, Marriage, a History: From men (male or female) and one or more andObedience notgroups just a contract can be traced kinship (affinal relatives). TheSt. to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered women (male or(consanguineal female) byofthe Paul who compared relationship a Marriage, Coontz writes:the recognized other is descent relatives). society as every having a continuing claimand to husband and marital wife to Christ “Almost andthat sexualofarrangement we the right ofseen sexual access one another” in recent years, to however startling it hishave church.” may appear, has been tried somewhere before.” (http://marriage.about.com/cs/generalhistory/a/marriagehistory.htm ) (Haviland 2003:514). (p. 2) Marriage and Family Affines - relatives by marriage Consanguineal kin - relatives by birth Conjugal bond – bond between married individuals Incest taboo - very strong prohibition against mating within particular group. Rules of Marriage Monogamy One spouse Endogamy Marry inside group Polygamy Multiple spouses Marry outside group Exogamy Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh Multiple District of Jammu and Kashmir,wives who have cultural ties Polygyny prohibition to Tibet, fraternal polyandry isStrong practiced, and a Incestmaytaboo household include a set ofagainst brothersmarriage with their inside Multiple husbands group common wife or wives. This Children family type,are in which Polyandry offspring brothers alsomarriage share land, is almost certainly linked to the Group of the group extreme scarcity of cultivableMultiple land in the Himalayan spouses, one at Serial marriage region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings. a time Marriage and Family Levirate - “brother marriage” Sororate - “sister marriage” …Either of the above may be “anticipatory” Fictive marriage Marriage and Family Parallel-cousin (= Cousin) Marriage ego's father's brother's children or mother's sister's children. Cross-cousin (X-Cousin) Marriage ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children. Marriage and Family Cross-cousin (X Cousin) Marriage ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children. Marriage and Family X Cousin Marriage in Matrilineal Societies Sometimes prescriptive (should) Sometimes proscriptive (must) adoption fictive Marriage and Family Stephanie Coontz, author of The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families and The Way We Kathleen Gough specialized in cross cultural studies of the Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap, wrote: Family “…in anthropological terms, itofisfamily a family and attempted this universal definition (a Note So far…… on co-operation: group composed woman, herAmerican dependent definition that applies to societies): “Many people holdof anaall image of how families Human beings, indeed all social animals, “family” continues toinbe theand most “A married couple or other group of adult kinsfolk who children, and least one adult man joined ‘used toThe be’ atat some particular point time, they areofinnately co-operative. cooperate economically and in upbringing children, universal form human social organization. propose that we return to that ideal. In fact, of however, through marriage or bloodthe relationship” andthere all orhave mostbeen of whom a common dwelling.” a 537). wideshare variety of family forms and (Haviland 2003: values in American history, and there is no period in which some ideal family predominated.” The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (1992) Marriage and Family Family relatives Nuclear families independence training Extended families dependence training Marriage and Family Traditional functions of families Emotional nurturance Women in Civilian Labor Force: Sex control of total …43.5% single women In 1900…20.6% Economic Co-operation and 5.6% of married women. Physical nurturance In 2002…69.6% of total…67.4% single women Enculturation and 61.0% of married women. U.S. Census Bureau - Marital Status of Women in the Civilian Labor Force: 1900-2002. Trends in Marriage and Family • Related to technology …i.e. modern genetics “Brave New World” of ‘Designer Children’ Genetic implications: Choosing or avoiding physical ability or disability Choosing or avoiding behavioral ability or disability Ravitsky, Ethics and Education: The Ethics of Shaping Human Identity http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/69/v69_5_page312_316.pdf