Transcript ppt. version

GENDER DIFFERENCES
• LITTLE DIFFERENCE FOR PSYCHOSES
• MOST VERY GENDER SPECIFIC
• WOMEN = 2/3 OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY,
DISTRESS, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, ALMOST
ALL EATING DISORDERS
• MEN = 2/3 OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG
PROBLEMS, 4X SUICIDES, 5X VIOLENCE,
ALMOST ALL GAMBLING
• OVERALL RATES EQUAL
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE
• ARE MALE AND FEMALE
EXPRESSIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENTS?
• E.G. EATING DISORDERS AND
GAMBLING COMPARABLE SEXTYPED EXPRESSIONS?
• E.G. DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM
REASONS
• CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT
GENDER ROLES
• WOMEN INTERNALIZE
• WOMEN EXPECTED NOT TO
EXTERNALIZE
• MEN EXTERNALIZE
• MEN EXPECTED NOT TO
INTERNALIZE
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE
• EXPECT AFTER STRESSFUL EVENTS
WOMEN’S DEPRESSION, BUT NOT
ALCOHOL USE, GOES UP
• MEN’S ALCOHOL USE BUT NOT
DEPRESSION GOES UP
• LITTLE EVIDENCE, THOUGH
IMPLICATIONS
• SHOULD USE MULTIPLE OUTCOMES
TYPICAL OF EACH SEX
• WHEN HAVE BOTH MALE AND
FEMALE OUTCOMES, FEWER
DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL HEALTH
TREATMENT DIFFERENCES
• WOMEN ABOUT 2/3 OF OUTPATIENTS
• MEN ABOUT 60% OF INPATIENTS
INPATIENT TREATMENT
• MEN MORE LIKELY THAN WOMEN TO
BE INPATIENTS
• MEN’S SYMPTOMS MORE
TROUBLESOME AND VIOLENT
• MEN DELAY TREATMENT
• MEN’S TREATMENT OFTEN
INVOLUNTARY
OUTPATIENT TREATMENT
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO DEFINE
SELVES AS HAVING PSYCHOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO SEEK
MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
• WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO REMAIN IN
TREATMENT - PATIENT ROLE
SUMMARY
• ROLES AND EXPECTATIONS, AS WELL
AS PERSONS, ARE IMPORTANT
• TO SOME EXTENT, SIMILAR ROLES
MEAN SIMILAR RATES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
TYPES
• DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.?
• YES, WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO BE
DEPRESSED AND ANXIOUS, MEN TO
DRINK AND BECOME VIOLENT
TREATMENT
• MEN HAVE MORE INPATIENT, WOMEN
HAVE MORE OUTPATIENT
• DUE TO GENDER ROLES
RECENT CHANGES
• 1950 – MARRIED COUPLES 80% OF
ALL HOUSEHOLDS; 2000 – 50%
• 10X GROWTH OF COHABITATION
SINCE 1970
• HUGE GROWTH OF DIVORCE IN
1960s-1970s, STABLE SINCE THEN
RECENT TRENDS
• PEOPLE DELAYING MARRIAGE
UNTIL LATE 20’S
• HUGE GROWTH OF PEOPLE LIVING
ALONE – NOW 26% OF TOTAL
• MARRIAGE WEAKENING?
THREE QUESTIONS
• HOW IS MARRIAGE RELATED TO
MENTAL HEALTH?
• HOW IS DIVORCE RELATED TO
MENTAL HEALTH?
• ARE MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE
DIFFERENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN?
I. TRADITIONAL VIEW
• MARRIAGE IS GOOD FOR MENTAL
HEALTH
• INTERPERSONAL - SOCIAL SUPPORT,
EMOTIONAL SECURITY, INTIMACY
• SOCIAL INTEGRATION - TIES TO
COMMUNITY
BENEFITS OF MARRIAGE
• ECONOMIC WELL-BEING - MARRIED
EARN MORE (WOMEN + $12,000; MEN
+ $7,000)
• HEALTH BEHAVIOR - MARRIED
FEWER RISKIER BEHAVIORS, MORE
HEALTH PROMOTIVE BEHAVIORS
II. BENEFITS OF MARRIAGE
DATED
• CHANGES IN SOCIAL NORMS
• FREEDOM AND AUTONOMY
• STAYING SINGLE AND GETTING
DIVORCED NOT STIGMATIZED
• RISE OF COHABITATION
• MORE CHILDREN OUT-OF-WEDLOCK
- 34% IN U.S.(VS. 5% IN 1960); 50% IN
SCANDANAVIA
III. FEMINIST VIEW
• ADVANTAGES ONLY FOR MEN
• MARRIAGE SOURCE OF OPPRESSION
FOR WOMEN
• ROLE OVERLOAD
• CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE
MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS
• BOTH MEN AND
WOMEN BENEFIT
• MEN BENEFIT
MORE
• SELECTION?
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SM
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MM
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