Transcript File

CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Patterns of Heredity
the BIG idea
In sexual reproduction, genes are passed from parents to offspring in
predictable patterns.
4.1 Living things inherit traits in patterns.
4.2 Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.3 Meiosis is a special form of cell division.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER RESOURCES
4.1
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Offspring inherit alleles, which are
forms of genes, from their
parents. Alleles come on
chromosome pairs and can be
dominant or recessive.
The alleles you have
are your genotype; the observable
characteristics that come from
your genotype are your
phenotype.
a gene
alleles VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
SIMULATION
CLASSZONE.COM
Try a virtual version of
Mendel’s experiment.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
Condensed DNA found in the
nucleus of cells
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
sexual reproduction
male and female reproductive cells combine to
form offspring with genetic material from both
cells.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
gene
The basic unit of heredity that consists of a
segment of DNA on a chromosome.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Trait
A feature displayed by an organism.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
heredity
The passing of genes from parents to
offspring; the genes are expressed in the traits
of the offspring.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
allele
Various forms of the same gene
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Comparing Chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs, 46 in total
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Comparing Chromosomes
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
phenotype
The observable characteristics or traits of an
organism.
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism; all the
genes that an organism has.
VOCABULARY
sexual reproduction
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
dominant
Only one allele needed to display trait
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
recessive
an allele that is not expressed when combined with a
dominant form of the gene.
Both alleles must be recessive to display trait
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who
discovered the basic principles of heredity through
experiments in his garden
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who
discovered the basic principles of heredity through
experiments in his garden
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
Questions
1. Write a sentence explaining the relationship between
the words DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
2. Draw a sketch showing where DNA is located in a cell.
3. Name three examples of genetic traits that you
inherited from your parents.
4. How are traits passed from parent to their offspring?
5. How many chromosomes do humans have?
6. Who was Gregor Mendel and why is he important to
genetics?
7. What is the difference between a dominant trait and a
recessive trait?
8. What is an example of a dominant human trait?
9. What is an example of a recessive human trait?
VOCABULARY
Chromosome
sexual reproduction
gene
Trait
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Punnett squares show possible outcomes of heredity.
Ratios and percentages can be used with Punnett
squares to express the probability of particular
outcomes.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
B
b
BB
Bb
B = black fur
b = brown fur
B
SIMULATION
b
CLASSZONE.COM
Bb
bb
Predict offspring traits with
virtual Punnett squares.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Punnett square.
A chart used to show all the ways genes from two
parents can combine and be passed to offspring; used
to predict all genotypes that are possible.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
B
b
BB
Bb
B = black fur
b = brown fur
B
SIMULATION
b
CLASSZONE.COM
Bb
bb
Predict offspring traits with
virtual Punnett squares.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
ratio
A comparison between two quantities, often written with
a colon, as 3 : 4.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
B
b
B = black fur
b = brown fur
BB
Bb
Phenotype ratio
3 black : 1 brown
B
Genotype ratio
1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
b
Bb
bb
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
probability
The likelihood or chance that a specific outcome will
occur out of a total number of outcomes.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
B
b
B = black fur
b = brown fur
BB
Bb
Probably, the baby
guineapig will be
black.
B
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
b
Bb
bb
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
percentage
A ratio that states the number of times an outcome is
likely to occur out of a possible 100 times.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
B
b
B
BB
Bb
B = black fur
b = brown fur
Phenotype percentage
75% black 25% brown
Genotype percentage
15% BB , 50% Bb 25% bb
b
Bb
bb
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Questions
1. What is the ratio of people in the room who are
female?
2. Rewrite 1:4 as a percent.
3. What percent of the room is male?
4. What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
5. If a tall plant (TT genotype) is crossed with a dwarf
plant (tt genotype), what is the probability that the
offspring plants would be tall?
6. What type of plants would you have to cross to get a
dwarf plant?
7. Give an example of a genetic disease.
8. How do people get this genetic disease?
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Questions
Use the Punnett square below to answer the following
questions. M is for brown hair and m for red hair.
1. What is the genotype and phenotype of the parents?
2. What is the probability a child will be born with red
hair?
3. Draw a Punnett square
for Mm and Mm.
4. Write the genotype
ration and percentage for
your new Punnett square
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
ratio
probability
percentage
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
Changes in DNA can change an organism. Selective
breeding changes organisms by choosing for traits already
coded for by DNA.
Genetic engineering introduces changes to the DNA of an
organism. It can be used to
• introduce new traits into an
organism
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
• produce medicines and
other products
• identify individuals
• clone genes as well as
organisms
• sequence the genome of
an organism
Dolly was the first
mammal to be cloned.
DNA technology raises important issues for society.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
genetic engineering
The scientific process in which DNA is separated from an
organism, changed, and then reinserted into the same or a
different organism.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
Genetically modified
Genetically modified (GM) foods , are foods produced
from organisms that have had changes introduced into
their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
Genetically modified
Genetically modified (GM) foods , are foods produced
from organisms that have had changes introduced into
their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
Genetically modified
Genetically modified (GM) foods , are foods produced
from organisms that have had changes introduced into
their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genome
All the DNA of an organism, including its
genes; the genetic material of an organism.
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
5.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Modern genetics uses DNA technology.
cloning
The process of using DNA technology to produce an
offspring that is genetically identical to its one parent.
VOCABULARY
selective breeding
genetic engineering
genome
cloning
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER HOME
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SIMULATION
SIMULATION
CLASSZONE.COM
CLASSZONE.COM
Try a virtual version of
Mendel’s experiment.
Predict offspring traits with
virtual Punnett squares.
CHAPTER HOME
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X
X
XX
XX
Y
XY
XY
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CHAPTER HOME
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M
m
m
Mm
mm
m
Mm
mm
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CHAPTER HOME
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