Transcript Advances in Genetics

Warm Up
• What is this animal? How is it created?
Video
Selective Breeding
• Selective breeding – the process of selecting a
few organisms with desired traits to serve as
the parents of the next generation
1. Inbreeding – parents have same traits
2. Hybridization – parents have different traits
Portrait of a Dog
English Bulldog
Greyhound
• Short & stocky
• Under-bite
• Bred for “blood sports”
• Tall & slender
• Sleek; built for speed
• Bred as a hunting dog
Selective Breeding in Dogs
• Although the bulldog and greyhound are different
breeds, they are members of the same species.
– Species – a group of organisms that are closely related and
can mate to produce fertile offspring
• For thousands of years, humans have selectively bred
dogs for certain traits and with specific tasks in mind.
• Humans have developed more than 100 different
dog breeds!
Inbreeding
• Inbreeding – crossing two individuals with
identical or similar sets of alleles (Same traits)
– Offspring are very similar to the parents
– Goal: produce organisms with specific traits
– Ex: horses bred for speed, purebred dogs
– Increases the probability of inheriting genetic
disorders b/c no new alleles are introduced
• Ex: hip dysplasia in many breeds of dogs
Hybridization
• Hybridization – cross two genetically different
individuals
– Goal: best traits of both parents
– Ex: crops bred for disease resistance, hybrid dog
breeds (ex: Labradoodles)
Zebra + Horse = Zorse
“Mixed-Up Species”
1. What is a hybrid?
– A cross between two genetically different
individuals
2. What are some examples of hybrid
organisms?
– Zedonk, beefalo, liger, mule, grolar bear
Warm Up
(# 1 of 3)
1. A scientist crossed a purebred long-winged male
fruit fly with a purebred short-winged fruit fly.
Long wings are dominant over short wings. What
is the probability that the offspring will have long
wings?
a)
b)
c)
d)
25%
50%
75%
100%
Warm up
2. What is a danger of excessive inbreeding in
animals such as dogs?
a) It increases the likelihood of inheriting two
recessive alleles for a disorder.
b) It introduces new and unexpected traits into a
population.
c) It produces a population of dogs that cannot
reproduce.
d) It results in fewer numbers of offspring over
time.
Warm up
3. A scientist crossed potato plants to combine
the disease resistance of one plant with the
food-producing capacity of another. He
used the process of
a)
b)
c)
d)
inbreeding.
crop rotation.
hybridization.
cloning.
“Let’s Mix It Up”
“Let’s Mix It Up”
“Let’s Mix It Up” Activity
• Each group will receive a set of cards.
• You will create 11 hybrids using similar organisms.
– One side will show the name of the organism.
– The other side of the cards will show the habitat and traits
of the parents.
• Using the information, you will make inferences to
answer the following:
– What is the habitat of the hybrid organism?
– What traits will be magnified (enhanced) in the hybrid?
– What traits will disappear in the hybrid?
• Fill in your graphic organizer for each hybrid.
Graphic Organizer
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Mule
• Horse x Donkey
Grolar Bear
• Grizzly bear x Polar bear
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Hybrid Iguana
• Land iguana x Marine
iguana
Geep
• Goat x Sheep
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Wholphin
• Killer whale x Bottlenose
dolphin
Cama
• Camel x Llama
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Limequat
• Lime x Kumquat
Peppermint
• Spearmint x Watermint
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Pluot
• Plum x Apricot
Loganberry
• Raspberry x Blackberry
“Let’s Mix It Up”
Beefalo
Summary:
Research
• Research at least four examples of a hybrid fruit and/or
vegetable:
Name of
Hybrid
Parent #1
Traits &
Benefits
Parent #2
Traits &
Benefits
Selective Breeding Advertisement
• Select one of the hybrid foods from
your chart.
• Design an advertisement that
informs the consumer about your
hybrid food.
– Be sure to include information about
what makes your hybrid desirable?
• Why should I buy it?
• You must include a minimum of three
desirable traits.
Warm Up
A plant breeder crosses a short plant with pink
flowers with a tall plant with white flowers. Over
several generations, the breeder uses a computer
to track the height and flower colors. Eventually,
the breeder produces a crop of tall plants with pink
flowers. This process is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cloning.
Inbreeding.
Hybridization.
Genetic engineering.
Foldable:
• Take out the “Advances in Genetics” graphic organizer
(TOC #55):
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering - genes from one
organism are transferred into the DNA of
another organism
– Aka: Gene splicing
– Used to produce medicines & improve food crops
– May cure human genetic disorders
Cloning
• Clone – organism that is genetically identical
to the organism from which it was produced.
– Has the exact same genes as the organism from
which it was produced.
– Plants
• Can clone from a cutting
BrainPop Video: Cloning
Cloning
• Animals
– Ex: Dolly, the sheep
1. Removed the egg cell from one
sheep
2. Replaced the cell’s nucleus with
the nucleus from a body cell
from a 2nd sheep
3. Implanted the egg into the
uterus of a 3rd sheep
• BrainPop Video: Dolly the Sheep
• Cloning Mimi Activity (get
handout from me):
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
content/tech/cloning/clickandcl
one/
DNA Fingerprinting
• NOVA Online | Killer's Trail | It Takes a Lickin‘
– DNA can be used to identify people
– No two people, except identical twins, have the
same DNA
– Often used to solve crimes
• Complete this activity – link above.
– See me for a copy of the handout.
Human Genome Project
• Genome - all the DNA in one cell of an
organism
• It is estimated that the 23 pairs of
chromosomes in humans contain about 3
billion DNA base pairs – or about 30,000 to
35,000 genes!
• The main goal of the Human Genome Project
is to identify the DNA sequence of every gene
in the human genome.