Transcript reproductive cloning

Biology I
Chapter 13
Gene Technology
Do Now
Until recently, looking through detailed records on family
history of disease was the only way to try to avoid certain
genetic conditions in some purebred dogs, such as a
bleeding disorder called von Willebrand's Disease. What
technological advances may have reduced the need for
this process?
•A. use of reproductive sperm donation to increase
fertility
•B. determination of the sequence of the human genome
•C. none of these
•D. development of canine testing for genetic disease
carriers
•Answer: D
Human Genome
• Human Genome Project-a research effort
undertaken to sequence our entire DNA
and locate within it all of the functionally
important sequences, such as genes.
• Began in 1990 & was completed in 2003.
• It makes it easier to find the genes causing
diseases.
The Future of Genomics
• Bioinformatics-combines biological
science, computer science, and
information technology to enable the
discovery of new biological insights and
unifying principles.
• Proteomics-the study of all of an
organism’s proteins, including their
identities, structures, interactions, and
abundances.
Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy-a genetic disorder is treated
by introducing a gene into a patient’s
cells.
Gene Therapy
• Advances in biotechnology, especially
regarding genetic testing and gene
therapy, now allow for the screening and
possible treatment of many genetic
disorders. During gene therapy, for
example, specific gene sequences are
inserted into an individual's cells and
tissues to replace a defective or mutant
allele.
• Scientists use viruses to insert specific
gene sequences.
Gene Splicing
• Gene Splicing-The process in which fragments of
DNA from one or more different organisms are
combined to form recombinant DNA
• Ex. a segment of human DNA is inserted into the
DNA sequence of a bacterium
Do Now
Genetic disorders are caused by the insertion,
deletion, or alteration of segments of DNA.
However, in order for scientists to be able to
determine which genes are faulty, they must first
know the normal sequences of DNA. In 1990, an
international effort began to analyze the human
DNA sequence. What is the name given to this
global research that was completed in 2003?
•A. The Human Genome Project
•B. The Geneva Conference
•C. The National Institute of Health
•D. The DNA Revolution
Do Now
Every year millions of crops are lost due to pests. In
recent times, however, scientists have learned that they
can insert a gene into the DNA of specific crops that
gives them a higher pest-resistance than normal. This
technology allows farmers to have higher crop yields and
increases the supply of valuable food sources. This
technology is an example of
•A. crossing over.
•B. DNA transcription.
•C. gene splicing.
•D. binary fission.
Do Now
Gene therapy is an artificial means of altering
genetic material. Why might someone want to
undergo gene therapy?
•A.
•B.
•C.
•D.
to try to produce a negative effect
to try to cure a genetic disorder
to try to break a bad habit
to try to become more emotionally stable
•Answer: B
Selective Breeding
• Selective Breeding- is the process by
which humans breed other animals and
plants for particular traits
Differentiation
• Differentiation-a cell becomes specialized
in structure and function.
• Stem Cells-cells that have the ability to
become any type of cell.
•
•
•
•
Parkinson Disease: Skin > iPS > human NSCs > Dopamine Neurons
Skin > iPS > ESCs > lung organoids - COPD / lung cancer
Organ on a Chip - Skin > iPS > study organ cells on plastic chip
Test thousands of small molecules, at one time, in a petri dish to find
one, out of 1000, with desired beneficial therapeutic effect
Cloning
• A clone is an individual created by
asexual reproduction and thus is
genetically identical to a single parent.
Nuclear Transplantation
• Nuclear Transplantation-the introduction
of a nucleus from a body cell into an egg
cell to generate an organism identical to
the nucleus donor
• Nuclear Transplantation
• Nuclear Transplantation 2
Donor
cell
Nucleus from
donor cell
Implant blastocyst in
surrogate mother
Remove nucleus
from egg cell
Add somatic cell
from adult donor
Clone of donor is born
(reproductive cloning)
Grow in culture to produce an
early embryo (blastocyst)
Remove embryonic
Stem cells from
blastocyst and
grow in culture
Figure 11.10
Induce stem cells to
form specialized cells
(therapeutic cloning)
Reproductive Cloning
• Reproductive cloning-the type of cloning
which results in birth of a new individual.
• Reproductive cloning of nonhuman
mammals is useful in research,
agriculture, and medicine.
Therapeutic Cloning
• Therapeutic cloning-when the major aim
is to produce embryonic stem cells for
therapeutic treatments.
• Embryonic stem cells-give rise to the
different kinds of specialized cells of the
body.
• Embryonic stem cells can perpetuate
themselves in culture and
give rise to differentiated cells.
Vaccine
• Vaccine-a substance containing all or part
of a harmless version of a pathogen that
physicians introduce into the body to
produce immunity to disease.
Genetically Modified Organism
• Genetically modified organisms-an organism
that has acquired one or more genes by
artificial means rather than by traditional
breeding methods.
Agricultural
Applications
• To feed the planet’s hungry population,
biologists have made crop plants that are
more tolerant to environmental
conditions.
• The plants are protected from serious
damage and yield more food.
GMO Concerns
• Genetically-engineered genes can be transferred
to wild plants in the area.
• Over time, insects are likely to develop resistance
to the bacterial toxin that initially killed them.
CRISPR/CAS 9
• Mosquitos - delete gene to cause sterilization…..Malaria, Zika,
Dengue
• Mushrooms - delete gene to prevent browning and early decay
• Ferret - help save endangered species by increasing their genetic
diversity
• Bacteria - enhance plastic degradation genes…..‘plastic eating
bacteria’
Bioethics
• Bioethics-the study of ethical issues
related to DNA technology
Do Now
Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes for
practical purposes. Today, scientists have genetically
engineered many types of organisms including crop plants.
Which of the following is a current benefit gained from
genetically engineered crops?
•A. Some food staples, such as rice, contain more nutrients.
•B. Some disease resistant fruits and vegetables are less
flavorful.
•C. Some animals develop allergies to the genetically
engineered crops.
•D. Some genes can be transferred to wild plants in the area.
•Answer: A
Do Now
Recently, scientists have genetically engineered
fruit crops to contain vaccines. How might these
fruit crops most likely benefit society?
•A. They could help eradicate all infectious
diseases in the world.
•B. They could encourage people to eat healthier
food.
•C. They could make it cheaper and easier to
administer vaccines.
•D. They could make fruit crops more productive
than they were before.
•Answer: C
Do Now
Many crops such as tomatoes and corn are now routinely
genetically manipulated to become more resistant to disease
and herbicides. What is one disadvantage of this genetic
resistance?
• A. The crops always become less flavorful and less
nutritious.
• B. The genes are transferred to their own progeny when
they reproduce.
• C. The genes may be transferred to weeds during
pollination.
• D. The crops are no longer able to reproduce.
• Answer: C
Quiz Questions
• 1. Briefly describe the Human Genome
Project, including when it began and
when it was completed. (2 points)
• 2. Explain the steps of nuclear
transplantation, including the difference
between reproductive and therapeutic
cloning. (6 points)
• 3. Define genetically modified organisms
and give your view on its use. (2 points)