Transcript DNA - Ms. Boss` Class Website

Warm-Up 1/12/17
SWBAT describe DNA.
1. List six traits that you have.
2. Self-quiz: Draw a cell and label as many parts as you can.
3. We are done talking about cell structure and how that
structure relates to a cells function. Please summarize how a
cells structure is related to its function using 3 examples.
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfopLilIOeA
1
2
What determines your physical
characteristics?
• GENES
– Genes are molecules in every cell
that act like recipes.
– They tell your cells how to behave
by coding for proteins.
– Genes determine how we look,
move and grow .
– You get your genes from your
parents.
What are your genes?
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
Acid)
– DNA holds your specific
code for every part of
your body. It is the
collection of recipe
books. It is a blueprint.
– A gene is made of a long
strand of DNA.
– There are about 30,000
genes in your DNA.
– Genes do not tell the
whole story. Some
genes are only
activated by changes in
our environment.
DNA
How Does DNA work?
Like different kinds of desserts, one recipe (gene) makes a cake while the other
makes pudding. Both recipes make desserts, but the desserts are different. Some
genes are more closely related than others like chocolate cake and white cake
compared with a jolly rancher.
Ingredients:
Sugar, Flavoring
Ingredients:
Sugar, Flour, Eggs,
Baking soda, Vanilla
Ingredients:
Sugar, Flour, Eggs,
Baking soda, Chocolate
What is DNA made of?
• Nucleotides
– A nucleotide is composed of two
parts:
• DNA Backbone
– made of phosphorous, oxygen,
carbon, and hydrogen
• Rungs of the Ladder: Bases
– Made of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen
DNA Backbone
Rung of the ladder
(base)
Half time
Bases are Important!
• There are four bases:
Adenine
A
Thymine
T
Cytosine
C
Guanine
G
• The order of these bases along a strand of
DNA codes for your genes.
• How could just four bases be a blue print for
a making a person?
DNA is Fashionable
• Just like a model wearing a suit jacket with suit pants,
or a t-shirt with blue genes,
A only pairs with
T and
G only pairs with C.
A
G
T
C
Remembering Key:
“AT”
G and C look alike
DNA Structure
In these two rows, the
bases interact to
make a twisted ladder
shape, called a
double helix (the
bases make up the
rungs on the ladder).
DNA
DNA
double backbone
helix
Bases
What do Nucleotides do?
•
•
Three nucleotides in a row code for one amino acid.
A long string of amino acids makes a protein.
A strand of: CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAC TCT
Codes for: Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
Which makes a useful protein for your body.
Nucleotide
Amino Acid
Protein
Proteins allow the body to
perform and function
How do you know which nucleotides code for
which
amino acids?
T
T
T
T
T
T
What do proteins do?
• Proteins make you!
– Your hair is a protein
• The protein Keratin
– The sequence of the amino acids of this protein determine it’s structure and give you
straight, curly, or frizzy hair.
– Your food is digested by proteins
• The protein salivary amylase is in your saliva and begins digestion of
carbohydrates like bread and sugar in your mouth.
Mmm!
Evidence for DNA
• Freidrich Miescher discovered the
substance of DNA in 1868, while
researching the nucleus of fish
sperm. He did not know it’s purpose.
• Scientists predicted that DNA held
the information of inheritance, but
they weren’t sure how.
• Using X-ray diffraction, Rosalind
Franklin discovered the structure of
DNA as a double helix in 1951. She
was not noted for this discovery until
her death in 1958.
Rosalind Franklin
DNA
• In 1953, Frances Crick
and James Watson
modeled the chemical
structure of DNA.
• The order of four
molecules codes for
every part and kind of
life.
• Life is incredibly diverse!
Life can show “such unity at the molecular level and yet
such spectacular diversity at the level of whole
organisms.”
Warm-Up 1/13/17
SWBAT describe how DNA is organized.
1.What is the structure of DNA?
2.What does it do?
3.Who discovered it? List all three scientists.
Your DNA
• All of the DNA in a cell of a human is called the
“human genome.”
• The human genome has over 3.2 billion base pairs.
– If you were to string out one cell’s DNA, it would be 6 feet
long.
– How can 6 feet of DNA fit into the nucleus of the cell, in
every cell of your body???
DNA Condenses
• DNA tightly wraps around a spool just like kite
string. This is a chromosome.
• Condensing a strand of DNA is like taking a very
long string, sewing it into a shirt and balling up the
shirt into a very tight wad. The string is the DNA.
DNA
Condensed DNA
Chromosome
How DNA Condenses
4. DNA condenses
into chromosomes
1. DNA
3. Spooled DNA
2. DNA wraps
around proteins
DNA is organized on
Chromosomes
• All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes.
– Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
chromosomes in their body cells.
– Human cells have 46 chromosomes.
– 23 nearly-identical pairs, one from each
parent
All of the Chromosomes can be seen on
a Karyotype
• Karyotypes are made
using the amniotic
fluid from a pregnant
female.
• Karyotypes show
– the number of
chromosomes
– the sex of the
individual
– large errors in
chromosome
structure
Typical male
karyotype
XY chromosomes
Typical female
karyotype
Two X chromosomes
DNA and Cell Type
• An average eukaryotic cell has about
1,000 times more DNA then an average
prokaryotic cell.
• The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is
organized into several linear
chromosomes, whose organization is
much more complex than the single,
circular DNA molecule in a prokaryotic
cell
Types of Chromosomes
• In a diploid cell, the chromosomes occur in
pairs (one from each parent). The 2 members
of each pair are called homologous
chromosomes or homologues, code for the
some version of the same trait.
• Sex chromosomes
– Are distinct from each other in their
characteristics
– Are represented as X and Y
– Determine the sex of the individual, XX
being female, XY being male
– Non-homologous chromosomes (they look
different and control different traits)
Structure of Chromosomes
– Diploid - A cell possessing two copies of each
chromosome (human body cells).
• Homologous chromosomes are made up of sister
chromatids joined at the centromere.
– Haploid - A cell possessing a single copy of each
chromosome (human sex cells).
Half-time
Warm-Up 1/13/17
• SWBAT describe DNA replication.
How Genes and DNA are
Passed On
The Process
How Do Cells Divide?
• Mitosis!
– All cells replicate and divide
through mitosis. This is how we
grow and replace aging cells.
– This involves all parts of the cell.
• DNA is the collection of
recipes that codes for life; it is
in every cell.
• When a cell replicates and
divides, the DNA replicates
and divides too.
• A cell cannot function without
DNA.
How does DNA replicate?
• The two strands of DNA must be separated and copied.
• One protein separates the two strands of DNA.
• Another protein brings the correct new base to pair with the
existing base, thus using it as a template.
– A with T, and G with C
DNA Replication
• In this way, two DNA
strands are formed from
one.
– Each new DNA double
helix has one old strand
(the parent strand) and
one new strand (the
daughter strand).
Daughter Strand
Parent
Strands
Daughter
Strand
31
Watch this!
• Animation of Replication with the names of the
proteins that help:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw
• Review of DNA->RNA->proteins:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKubyIRiN84
Warm-Up 1/17/17
SWBAT describe the difference between
cell division for sex cells and body cells.
We will finish our notes from Friday first.
Take notes:
• sex cells (sperm and eggs)
• body cells (aka somatic cells, the rest of
the cells in your body)
Agenda: Homework-summarize what we
have learned so far, this is the first half of
your practice summary.
Once DNA replicates,
how do cells replicate and divide?
•
•
The body grows and repairs itself by one cell dividing into two, and
those two diving into four.
Skin cells live for many days, blood cells which carry oxygen live for
months, nerve cells last a lifetime.
One cell
dividing into
two
One Cell
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of
– Interphase – normal cell activity
– The mitotic phase – cell divsion
INTERPHASE
Growth
G1
(DNA synthesis)
Growth
G2
Mitosis
 Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.
 Each new cell receives one copy of every
chromosome that was present in the original cell.
 Produces 2 new “daughter” cells that are both
genetically identical to the original “parent” cell.
DNA duplication
during interphase
Mitosis
Diploid Cell
Cells Divide by the Process of Mitosis
Cell with a single copy of DNA
DNA replicates to form chromosomes
(two copies of DNA)
Chromosomes line up in the middle
of the cell
Chromosomes are split. Half of each
chromosome travels to either end of the cell.
The cell divides to form two new cells
with their own DNA
Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell
G2 OF INTERPHASE
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
(duplicated)
Nuclear
Plasma
envelope membrane
PROPHASE
Early mitotic
spindle
Aster
Centromere
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
PROMETAPHASE
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore
microtubule
40
Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Centrosome at Daughter
one spindle pole chromosomes
TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Cleavage
furrow
Nucleolus
forming
Nuclear
envelope
forming
41
Mitosis in a plant cell
Chromatine
Nucleus
Nucleolus condensing
1 Prophase.
The chromatin
is condensing.
The nucleolus is
beginning to
disappear.
Although not
yet visible
in the micrograph,
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Chromosome
Metaphase. The
2 Prometaphase.
3
4
spindle is complete,
We now see discrete
and the chromosomes,
chromosomes; each
attached to microtubules
consists of two
at their kinetochores,
identical sister
are all at the metaphase
chromatids. Later
plate.
in prometaphase, the
nuclear envelop will
fragment.
5
Anaphase. The
chromatids of each
chromosome have
separated, and the
daughter chromosomes
are moving to the ends
of cell as their
kinetochore
microtubles shorten.
Telophase. Daughter
nuclei are forming.
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
has started: The cell
plate, which will
divided the cytoplasm
in two, is growing
toward the perimeter
of the parent cell.
42
43
Half-time
Mitosis animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofjyw7ARP1c
Warm-Up 1/18/17
SWBAT describe the process of
meiosis and what it does.
1.There are two main parts of the cell life
cycle.
2.Each main part can be divided up.
How?
3.What are the six main phases of
mitosis?
4.If you start with one cell, how many will
you have after four divisions?
Let’s think…
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
• If you get 46 chromosomes from each parent you will have 92 chromosomes total, but
humans can only have 46.
How do you think we get 46 chromosomes by getting DNA from two people?
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
• If you get 46 chromosomes from each parent you will
have 92 chromosomes total, but humans can only
have 46.
How do we get 46 chromosomes by getting DNA from
two people?
• In the process of meiosis, a cell with 46
chromosomes replicates and divides, making cells
with 23 chromosomes in each cell.
• Cells with only 23 chromosomes are called sex cells.
They are only in certain parts of the body. Both males
and females have sex cells.
Meiosis
A special type of cell division that reduces the number of
chromosomes by half, making haploid cells.
Original cell with 46 chromosomes
Some DNA can detach from one
chromosome and switch with
DNA from the chromosome that
holds similar genes. This is
called
crossing over.
After two cell divisions, four cells with
23 chromosomes each are formed.
How do sex cells form new
individuals?
• Sex cells are haploid cells
known as gametes.
• Sex cells in females are
eggs.
• Sex cells in males are
sperm.
• One sex cell from the
mother (an egg) merges
with one sex cell from the
father (a sperm) to form a
zygote. This cell continues
to divide, until is forms a
complete organism.
• The individual grows
through mitosis.
A Growing Human
Think Red chromosomes from mom, Blue from dad.
This is why would can
look very different that
your siblings, and why
people in general can be
so diverse.
When we learn about
evolution, you will see
that without tremendous
diversity, species do not
tend to live very long.
Part of what makes
humans so strong as a
species is that we are all
so different.
Definition of
Recombination
AKA Genetic Recombination
AKA Crossing Over
Breaking and rejoining of two parental DNA
molecules to produce new and different DNA
molecules
It is biologically beneficial to be different
from our parents
• Theory:
– A child must be similar enough to its’ parents to survive in a
similar environment, but have the chance to be different
enough to survive in a changing environment.
It is a benefit to be genetically different from our parents, in case
we must survive in an environment that is different from the one
they live in. With different genes, we may be better prepared.
People in drastically
different environments
have slightly different
genes.
Cross-overs during meiosis I
Zygotene: Homologous
Maternal
Paternal
chromosomes,
each with 2 sister chromatids, pair to
form bivalents (line=duplex DNA)
Pachytene: Cross-overs between
homologous chromosomes
Diplotene: homologous chromosomes
separate partially but are held together at
cross-overs
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Anaphase I: Cross-overs resolve to
allow homologous chromosomes to
separate into separate cells
Meiosis II
Benefits of recombination
• Greater variety in offspring:
Generates new combinations of
genes (the part known as an allele)
• Negative selection can remove
deleterious alleles from a population
without removing the entire
chromosome carrying that allele
• Essential to the physical process of
meiosis, and hence sexual
reproduction
Warm-Up 1/19/17
SWBAT describe the difference between mitosis
and meiosis.
1.Describe the life cycle of a cell.
2.What is another name for mitotic phase?
3.What are the two types of cell division?
4.What types of cells are involved in each type of cell
division?
5.What are the main purposes of each type?
6.What steps are there in each process?
7.What is the most important thing about meiosis? (This
is also the most important difference between the two
types of cell division.
Functions of Cell Division
100 µm
(a) Reproduction.
An amoeba, a
single-celled
eukaryote, is
dividing into two
cells. Each new
cell will be an
individual
organism.
200 µm
20 µm
(c) Tissue
renewal. These
dividing bone
This micrograph
marrow cells(arrow)
shows a sand dollar will give rise to new
embryo shortly after blood cells.
the fertilized egg
divided, forming two
cells.
(b) Growth and
development.
Think Red chromosomes from mom, Blue from dad.
Meiosis
• Only diploid cells can divide
by meiosis.
• Prior to meiosis I, DNA
replication occurs.
• During meiosis, there will be
two nuclear divisions, and
the result will be four
haploid nuclei.
• No replication of DNA
occurs between meiosis I
and meiosis II.
Meiosis
Interphase
• Meiosis takes place in
two sets of divisions
– Meiosis I reduces the
number of chromosomes
from diploid to haploid
– Meiosis II produces four
haploid daughter cells
Homologous pair
of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
Sister
chromatids
Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
Figure 13.7
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes
Meiosis Phases
• Meiosis involves the same four phases seen in
mitosis
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase
• They are repeated during both meiosis I and
meiosis II.
• The period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II
is called interkinesis.
• No replication of DNA occurs during interkinesis
because the DNA is already duplicated.
Prophase I
•
•
•
•
•
Prophase I occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis
Chromosomes begin to condense
In synapsis, the 2 members of each homologous pair of chromosomes
line up side-by-side, aligned gene by gene, to form a tetrad consisting
of 4 chromatids
During synapsis, sometimes there is an exchange of homologous parts
between non-sister chromatids. This exchange is called crossing over
Each tetrad usually has one or more chiasmata, X-shaped regions
where crossing over occurred
Nonsister
chromatids
Prophase I
of meiosis
Tetrad
Chiasma,
site of
crossing
over
Metaphase I
•
•
•
At metaphase I, tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, with one
chromosome facing each pole
Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one
chromosome of each tetrad
Microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the
other chromosome
PROPHASE I
Sister
chromatids
Tetrad
METAPHASE I
ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Chiasmata
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore
Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and
exchange segments; 2n = 6
in this example
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Tetrads line up
Pairs of homologous
chromosomes split up
Anaphase I
• In anaphase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
• One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the
spindle apparatus
• Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and
move as one unit toward the pole
PROPHASE I
Sister
chromatids
Tetrad
METAPHASE I
ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Chiasmata
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore
Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and
exchange segments; 2n = 6
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Tetrads line up
Pairs of homologous
chromosomes split up
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
• In the beginning of telophase I, each half of the
cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each
chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids
• Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously,
forming two haploid daughter cells
• In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms; in plant
cells, a cell plate forms
• No chromosome replication occurs between the
end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II
because the chromosomes are already replicated
Half-time
Prophase II
• Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis
• In prophase II, a spindle apparatus forms
• In late prophase II, chromosomes (each still composed of
two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
PROPHASE II
Cleavage
furrow
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids
separate
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
Haploid daughter cells
forming
Metaphase II
•
•
•
At metaphase II, the sister chromatids are at the metaphase plate
Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome are no longer genetically identical
The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending
from opposite poles
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
PROPHASE II
Cleavage
furrow
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids
separate
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
Haploid daughter cells
forming
Anaphase II
• At anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate
• The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as
two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
PROPHASE II
Cleavage
furrow
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids
separate
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
Haploid daughter cells
forming
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
•
•
•
•
•
In telophase II, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin uncondensing
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm
At the end of meiosis, there are four daughter cells, each with a haploid
set of unreplicated chromosomes
Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the
parent cell
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
PROPHASE II
Cleavage
furrow
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids
separate
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
Haploid daughter cells
forming
Meiosis Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMEyeKQClqI
A Comparison of Mitosis and
Meiosis
• Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome
sets, producing cells that are genetically
identical to the parent cell
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes
sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid),
producing cells that differ genetically from
each other and from the parent cell
• The mechanism for separating sister
chromatids is virtually identical in meiosis II
and mitosis
A Comparison Of Mitosis And
Meiosis
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Chiasma (site of
crossing over)
Parent cell
(before chromosome replication)
MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Prophase
Chromosome
replication
Duplicated chromosome
(two sister chromatids)
Chromosome
replication
Tetrad formed by
synapsis of homologous
chromosomes
2n = 6
Chromosomes
positioned at the
metaphase plate
Metaphase
Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
2n
Tetrads
positioned at the
metaphase plate
Homologues
separate
during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Haploid
n=3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n
MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells
of mitosis
n
n
n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II
n
Mitosis VS. Meiosis
• Mitosis
– One division
– Forms 2 cells
– Newly formed cells have 46
chromosomes
– Forms normal cells
– Results in growth and repair
• Meiosis
– Two divisions
– Forms 4 cells
– Newly formed cells
have 23
chromosomes
– Forms sex cells
– Allows for
procreation.
• Meiosis
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DNA duplication
followed by 2 cell
divisions
Sysnapsis
Crossing-over
One diploid cell
produces 4
haploid cells
Each new cell
has a unique
combination of
genes
•
•
•
Mitosis
Homologous
chromosomes do not
pair up
No genetic exchange
between homologous
chromosomes
One diploid cell
produces 2 diploid
cells or one haploid
cell produces 2
haploid cells
New cells are
genetically identical to
original cell (except for
mutation)
Sexual Reproduction
• Fertilization and meiosis
alternate in sexual life
cycles
• A life cycle is the
generation-to-generation
sequence of stages in the
reproductive history of an
organism
Asexual Reproduction
• In asexual reproduction,
one parent produces
genetically identical
offspring by mitosis as in
plants
Key
Haploid
Diploid
n
Gametes
n
MEIOSIS
2n
n
Parent
Bud
FERTILIZATION
Zygote
2n
Diploid
Mitosis
multicellular
organism (a) Animals
Figure 13.2
0.5 mm
Cool -Down
Please write a paragraph summarizing the two types
of cell division and their purpose. This will be part of
your practice summary.
Warm-Up 1/20/17
• SWBAT describe how traits are passed from parent to
offspring.
How do parents pass on
genes to their children?
• Traits are passed on from both
parents.
• You have some traits from your
mom and some from your dad.
• Because traits are coded for by
DNA, you have some of your
mom’s DNA and some of your
dad’s DNA. But your DNA is
unique to you; no one else has
exactly the same DNA as you
(unless you are a twin).
Meiosis and Sexual Life
Cycles
• Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to
reproduce their own kind
• Heredity
– Is the transmission of traits from one generation to the
next, this is something you study, it is a noun
– Hereditary describes a disease or trait, it is an adjective
• Variation
– Shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance
from parents and siblings
Inheritance of Genes
• Genes are segments of DNA, units
of heredity
• Offspring acquire genes from
parents by inheriting
chromosomes
• Genetics is the scientific study of
heredity and hereditary variation
How are our traits a combination of our
parents traits?
• Traits are not mixed when they are passed on.
– For example, if your mom has blue eyes and your dad has yellow
eyes, you will not have green eyes. You will either have blue or
yellow eyes.
• Some traits are determined by dominance.
– If you have two alternative forms of a gene, known as alleles
that code for the same trait, one trait will win over the other.
The trait that “wins” is the dominant allele. The trait that does not
get expressed is the recessive allele.
• Some traits, like height, are determined by many alleles on different
genes. There is not one dominant gene for these traits.
Dominant Traits:
Combination Traits:
-attached or unattached earlobes -height
-widow’s peak hairline
-hair color
Evidence for Dominance
• In the late 1800’s, Gregor Mendel, a monk, was
studying pea plants.
• He noticed that when he bred two plants with
different traits, their offspring did not show a mix
of characteristics, but instead showed either
characteristic.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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QuickTime™ and a
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are needed to see this picture.
or
Dominant Traits
Each person has two alleles for every trait, one from
each parent.
• Dominant characteristics will show up unless both
alleles code for the recessive trait.
Dominant trait: Unattached earlobes, “U”
Recessive trait: Attached earlobes, “A”
If your genes code: You will have:
UU
Unattached
UA
Unattached
AA
Attached
Attached
“A”
Unattached
“U”
Half-time
Predicting Physical Characteristics
Alleles of Parent 1:
Alleles of Parent 2:
• When a scientist knows the
characteristics of the parents, he or she
can predict the characteristics of the
offspring for dominance traits using a
Punnett-Square
• Punnett-squares are not used for
combination traits
• Alleles of both parents are labeled on
the outside of the big square.
• Each combination of the parent’s alleles
in the small squares is a possible
combination for the offspring.
A
B
A
AA
AB
B
AB
BB
Offspring could be:
AA, AB, AB, or BB
Probability (P)
• By knowing which alleles the parents have, you can
figure out the probability those parent’s have of
having a child with a certain trait, if it is a dominance
trait.
If the parents are both
If the parents are
dominant but also carry
both dominant
the recessive allele(DR): D = dominant
(DD):
R = recessive
D
D
R
D
D
DD
DD
D DD
DR
D
DD
DD
R DR
RR
P = Probability
It’s a fraction!
100% chance children
75% chance children
will have the dominant trait. will have the dominant trait.
P = 4/4
P = 3/4
Probability (P)
• This does not mean that if the parents
have four children, three are guaranteed
to show the dominant trait.
D
R
D DD
DR
R DR
RR
D = dominant
R = recessive
Dominant V. Recessive
• Different alleles are indicated by using
different letters or upper and lower case
letters.
• If you use upper and lower case letters,
lower case is always recessive.
Heterozygous V Homozygous
• Homozygous refers to an organism with two alleles that
are identical for a particular trait.
– Example: AA or aa
• Heterozygous refers to an organism with two different
alleles for a particular trait.
– Example: Aa, or if you are using different letters, AB
• If an organism shows the dominant trait they could be
heterozygous or homozygous. If the organism shows
the recessive trait they must be homozygous.
Try It!
Dominant Trait: Straight Thumb (S)
Recessive Trait: Hitchhiker’s Thumb (H)
S
H
If Parent 1 has Hitchhiker’s Thumb their two alleles must be
_____.
Parent 2 does not have Hitchhiker’s thumb, and is
heterozygous, so they have ____.
What is the probability that the baby will have hitchhiker’s
thumb?
Try It
Dominant Trait: Straight Thumb (S)
Recessive Trait: Hitchhiker’s Thumb (H)
H
S
If Parent 1 has Hitchhiker’s Thumb (HH)
And Parent 2 does not, and is heterozygous (SH)…
Parent 1:
H
H
What probability is there that a child will
have hitchhiker’s thumb (the recessive
SH
S SH
trait?
2 out of 4 = 2/4
H HH
HH
*Dominant traits are not always the
most common.
Genotype V Phenotype
Gen
Two organisms can have the
same phenotype and different
genotypes.
Gregory Mendel worked with the peas and the flowers of
the pea plants. Here you can see that the dominant trait is
smooth, instead of wrinkled peas.
Cool-down
Which of the following is true?
Punnett squares are used to find the
phenotype of a baby by showing the
chances of each combination of alleles.
Punnett squares are used to find the
phenotype of a baby by showing the
chances of each combination of genes.
Punnett squares are used to find the
phenotype of a baby by showing the
chances of each combination of DNA.
Warm-up 1/23/17
SWBAT describe genetic disorders.
• Let’s review from Friday as some of my slides may
have been out of order.
Genes Make You…
But what happens if your body doesn’t
work exactly as it is supposed to?
• Genetic Disorders
– Genetic Disorders result when there is a change in your
genes that changes the way your body functions.
– Sometimes the change can be so large that your body
cannot function.
• Changes can occur at any stage in DNA replication,
mitosis, or meiosis.
Mutations
• All genetic disorders are caused by a mutation
• Mutation: A change in the genetic base-code for a protein.
• A mutation can occur at almost any stage in development
– DNA replication ,mitosis, meiosis, chromosome separation.
• Environmental factors can lead to mutations as well.
• Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
+
Horse
Donkey
Mule
Half-time
DNA can repair itself!!!
104
Types of Mutations
Beneficial Mutations: Dark and light skinned people.
Dark skin: + resistant to sunburn
*Increased survival in sunny
environments, like the equator.
- generate less Vitamin D
*Increased survival in less
Light skin: + generate more Vitamin D
sunny environments.
- prone to sunburn
Harmful: Mutations in genes coding for proteins that control growth; this results in uncontrolled cell growth.
***This decreases a person’s chance of survival.
Neither: Attached earlobes
***This does not increase or decrease a person’s chance of survival.
Common Genetic Disorders
Disorder
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Down Syndrome
• Lactose Intolerance
• Colorblindness
Mutation
• Change in one base pair
• Chromosomes do not separate evenly
in meiosis
• Gene does not produce particular
protein that digests sugars in milk
• Multiple genes that allow us to see color
are not coded for (on X chromosome)
Common Genetic Disorders
Disorder
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Alzheimer Disease
• Cancer
Mutation
• Two recessive genes (passed from
parents or develops over time)
• Multiple genes and environmental
effects; gene coding for protein that
interferes with nerve shape is over
produced
• Multiple genes and environmental
effects; changes in genes that code for
growth
Small Changes: Sickle Cell Anemia
•
Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia have oddly shaped red blood cells.
– The shape of the mutated protein allows the cell to bind to itself,
changing the cells shape.
– The shape of the red blood cell doesn’t allow it to flow easily through
the body, disabling the individual.
*Red blood cells with
mutated proteins would
get stuck in such small
openings and cause
clogs.
Typical protein in
red blood cells
Red blood cell with typical
protein flowing through body
Small Changes: Sickle Cell Anemia
• Sickle Cell Anemia occurs in
Nucleotide: GTG
individuals that have one single
change in the order of their base
Amino Acid: Val
pairs.
– Adenine changes to Thymine
– This causes the coded amino
acid to change from Glu to Val.
– This changes the structure of
the protein.
GAG
Glu
Blood cell Blood cell with
with
normal protein
Sickle Cell
protein
Health Note
• Sickle-Cell Anemia is a recessive disorder; the
individual must have both recessive genes to
have the disorder.
• People with one dominant and one recessive
gene for the protein that causes Sickle-Cell
Anemia are resistant to Malaria, a deadly
disease spread by mosquitoes.
Sickle-Cell Anemia common in red,
orange, peach, and purple areas
Malaria is common in
regions in red
Sickle-Cell
Anemia is
common in
parts of the
world that
are heavily
impacted
by Malaria
Large Changes: Down Syndrome
• Down Syndrome is one of the few genetic disorders
where an individual can survive with an extra
chromosome.
• People with Down Syndrome tend to have large
foreheads and slight mental retardation.
• The extra chromosome can be seen in a
karyotype.
Three copies of
chromosome 21
instead of two.
An individual
with Down Syndrome
How Down Syndrome Occurs
•In meiosis, chromosomes do not split
into different cells evenly:
One cell gets 3 chromosomes, while
one cell gets one.
•The individual with three chromosomes
21 will most likely survive, but will have
Down Syndrome.
•The individual with one chromosome 21
will not survive.
Meiosis
Individual with Down
Syndrome gets this cell
from one parent.
Lactose Intolerance
• Individuals with lactose intolerance cannot digest the sugar
in dairy products (lactose).
• They do not produce the protein (lactase) that breaks down
lactose; this is due to four mutations within the gene that
makes lactase.
• When lactose intolerant people drink milk or other dairy
products, undigested lactose builds up in their stomach,
making a great environment for bacteria. The bacteria thrive
and reproduce very quickly. This creates bloating and
sickness.
Protein: Lactase
*Not produced in
individuals with
lactose intolerance
Mutations in Lactase Gene
Two of the four mutations are “point” mutations.
• Point mutation: One base pair in the DNA sequence in the gene has been
changed. This affects only one amino acid.
Original DNA: AGC
Amino acids: Ser
Mutated DNA: AGC
Amino acids: Ser
CAT AGG
His Arg
CAA AGG
Glu Arg
*His changes to Glu
Mutations in Lactase Gene
Two of the four mutations are “frame shift” mutations.
• Frame shift mutation: One base has been inserted into the gene; the rest of the
bases are moved over one. This affects many amino acids.
Original DNA: ATT
Amino acids: Iso
Mutated DNA: ATT
Amino acids: Iso
acids changed.
CGT TAC GAA ACG
Arg Tyr Glu Thr
CCG TTA CGA AAA CG
Pro Leu Arg Lys
*C inserted. Remaining bases
shifted over one and amino
Colorblindness
• Caused my multiple mutations on X
chromosome.
• Males have one X chromosome
and one Y chromosome.
• Females have two X chromosomes.
• When genes on one chromosome
do not code correctly, the body
naturally goes to the other
chromosome to see if it holds a
more usable genetic code.
• Males do not have this advantage.
• If the one X chromosome that a
male has mutated genes coding for
color receptors, the male will be
color blind.
• This is called “X-linked Inheritance”
These circles
are used to test
colorblindness.
If you can’t see
the number in
each circle, you
are colorblind
X-Linked Inheritance
• A male has one Y chromosome
and one X chromosome
• Because his father is the only
parent that carries the Y
chromosome, the son must
inherits his Y chromosome from
his father and the X chromosome
from his mother.
• A male inherits the colorblindness
gene from his mother.
• Females can be colorblind if the
mother holds the mutated gene
and the father is colorblind.
Daughter with ability
• Other X-Linked traits:
to pass on colorblindColorblind
– Muscular dystrophy
– Hemophilia
gene
son
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
• Individuals with muscular dystrophy
have muscles that shrink over time.
Mutated gene: X
• Muscular dystrophy is an X-Linked trait.
Mother:
• Males have muscular dystrophy if it is
X
X
passed from his mother.
• Females have muscular dystrophy if her
X XX
XX
father has it and her mother carries the
gene for it.
• It is a recessive condition in females
Y XY
XY
– To be affected by the mutation, a
female must have both mutated
genes.
Daughter
Son, no MD
with MD Son with Daughter, no
• 1 out of 10,000 people have MD
MD
MD but she
carries the
mutated gene
Affects of Muscular Dystrophy
• A very small change in the
genome results in a very
noticeable physical
change…
• The rest of the body still
thrives!
Alzheimer Disease
• Individuals with Alzheimer disease lose the ability to create and
keep memories.
• This genetic disease is thought to be due to a combination of
environmental and genetic effects.
• Scientists do not know which genes affect Alzheimer Disease.
• They hypothesize that a certain protein that affects the structure of
nerves is over produced. This destroys nerves in the brain that are
responsible for storing memories.
Affected individual
MRI of the Brain
Cancer
• Like Alzheimer disease, cancer is caused by both genetic
mutations and environmental effects.
– Environmental effects, such as excess sun exposure, are
thought to be a partial cause of genetic mutations.
• There are many types of cancer, but they all involve un-controlled
cell growth.
Lance Armstrong,
7 time winner of the
Tour de France,
Testicular cancer
Bob Marley,
Nancy Regan,
Former First Lady, reggae musician,
Died of skin cancer
Breast cancer
in 1981
Cancer
• Mutations occur in three types of genes to cause cancer (uncontrolled cell growth):
– 1. Genes that promote normal cell growth are mutated and function at
a higher level.
– 2. Genes that stop cell growth are mutated and do not function.
– 3. Genes which code for proteins that repair DNA mutations are
mutated.
• Genes that code for proteins that check for mutations in DNA act as a second
protection against mutation.
• Without this check system, cancer is extremely deadly.
If mutations are harmful, why are there
mutations?
• Mutations occur in individuals by chance.
• If the environment is quickly changing, a mutation may benefit
an individual to survive better in the new environment.
• While some mutations are harmful, organisms need mutations
to adapt to a changing environment.
Animals in this environment,
like lizards, have adapted to
the dryness with legs and being
It would take a species cold-blooded.
that lived in a lake
.
many mutations to be able
to survive in a desert.
Animals in this
environment, like fish, have
adapted to the water with
fins and gills.
Even with harmful mutations,
we persist
Warm-Up 1/24/17
SWBAT study for upcoming exams.
Schedule
Tuesday: Finish notes, study(create something!), work
on Study Island, begin practice summary, videos
Wednesday: practice summary
Thursday: Study Island test
Friday: movie
Weekend: study practice summary
Monday: multiple choice test
Tuesday: performance summary
Wednesday: blog post
Thursday: misconceptions test
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1. Make a list of vocab words.
•
•
•
Brainstorm first, then use notes to add to
your list.
Then, use the PPT to add to the list.
Don’t ignore headings and titles, those
words are usually extra important.
Warm-Up 1/25/17
SWBAT write practice summary.
Schedule
Tuesday: Finish notes, study(create something!), work on Study Island, begin practice summary,
videos
Wednesday: practice summary
Thursday: Study Island test
Friday: movie
Weekend: study practice summary
Monday: multiple choice test
Tuesday: performance summary
Wednesday: blog post
Thursday: misconceptions test
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1.
2.
Make a list of vocab words.
Reduce the number of words.
•
You want the find the top 40 most important words, plus
or minus five
•
Cross out words that obviously don’t make the top 40
AND Circle words that are definitely in the top 40
•
Words that are examples, definitions, details, or
subtopics can usually be cut
•
Words that you hear and see most often are the most
important
•
Themes are important!
•
Synonyms count as one word on the word list.
•
Remember, this is a summary, not a paraphrase.
•
Stay focused on the main topic - GENETICS
•
Think about the sentences you will be able to create.
1st Period
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Protein
Nucleotide
Parent
daughter
Amino acids
Cross-over
Punnett square
Tissue renewal
Reproduction
Heredity
Hereditary
Mitosis
Identical
Dominance trait
Dominant
Recessive
Double helix
Protein channel
Bases A, T, C, G
Cell walls
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Growth/development
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Gregor Mendel
Roslind Franklin
James Watson
Frances Crick
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Zygote
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Organelles
Karyotype
Cell theory
Variation
Robert Hooke
Plasma membrane
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Genotype
•
Phenotype
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Diploid
•
Haploid
•
Gametes
•
Replication
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Cell division
•
Cell cycle
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Interphase
•
Genes
•
Meiosis
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Mitosis
•
Structure
•
Phases
•
Prophase
•
Metaphase
•
Anaphase
•
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Homologues
Non-homologues
Function
Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoid
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Sperm
Egg
Cilia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chromosomes
DNA
1st Period
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Gregor Mendel
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Organelles
Karyotype
Variation
Protein
Amino acids
Cross-over
Reproduction
Heredity
Hereditary
Identical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Genotype
Phenotype
Replication
Cell division
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Homologues
Non-homologues
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Animal
Plant
Nucleus
Chromosomes
DNA
Dominance trait
Bases A, T, C, G
2nd Period
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Protein
Nucleotide
Parent
daughter
Amino acids/RNA
Cross-over
Punnett square
Tissue renewal
Reproduction
Heredity
Hereditary
Mitosis
Identical
Dominance trait
Dominant
Recessive
Double helix
Protein channel
Bases A, T, C, G
Cell walls
Chromosomes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Growth/development
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Gregor Mendel
Roslind Franklin
James Watson
Frances Crick
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Zygote
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Organelles
Karyotype
Cell theory
Variation
Robert Hooke
Plasma membrane
•
•
•
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•
•
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•
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•
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Genotype
Phenotype
Diploid
Haploid
Gametes
Replication
Cell division
Cell cycle
Interphase
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Structure
Phases
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Homologues
Non-homologues
Function
DNA
•
•
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•
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•
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Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoid
XX
XY
Probability
G1, S, G2
Endosymbiotic
theory
Interkinesis
Bacteria
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Sperm
Egg
Cilia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Nucleus
2nd Period
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Protein
Amino acids/RNA
DNA
Identical
Gregor Mendel
Animal
Plant
Cross-over
Punnett square
Tissue renewal
Reproduction
Heredity
Hereditary
Dominance trait
Protein channel
Bases A, T, C, G
Chromosomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Zygote
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Variation
Sex cells
Genotype
Phenotype
Diploid
Haploid
Gametes
Replication
Cell division
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
3rd Period
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protein
Nucleotide
Parent
daughter
Amino acids
Cross-over
Punnett square
Tissue renewal
Reproduction
Heredity
Hereditary
Mitosis
Identical
Dominance trait
Dominant
Recessive
Double helix
Protein channel
Bases A, T, C, G
Cell walls
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Growth/development
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Gregor Mendel
Roslind Franklin
James Watson
Frances Crick
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Zygote
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Organelles
Karyotype
Cell theory
Variation
Robert Hooke
Plasma membrane
•
•
•
•
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•
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•
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•
Genotype
•
Phenotype
•
Diploid
•
Haploid
•
Gametes
•
Replication
•
Cell division
•
Cell cycle
•
Interphase
•
Genes
•
Meiosis
•
Mitosis
•
Structure
•
Phases
•
Prophase
•
Metaphase
•
Anaphase
•
Telophase
•
Cytokinesis
•
Homologues
Non-homologues •
•
Function
•
DNA
Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoid
Helicase
Probability
G1, S, G2
Endosymbiotic
theory
Interkinesis
Bacteria
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Sperm
Egg
Cilia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chromosomes
3rd Period
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Genetics
Allele
Genome
Mutation
Disorder
Environment
Variation
Sex cells
Animal
Plant
Chromosomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Genotype
Phenotype
Replication
Cell division
Interphase
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Protein
Gregor Mendel
Amino acids/RNA
DNA
Cross-over
Reproduction
Heredity
Mitosis
Identical
Dominance trait
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1.
2.
3.
Make a list of vocab words.
Reduce the number of words.
Make a Brain Web with the words that are left with
the name of the unit in the middle.
• This will be your outline for your summary
• For example, the unit is genetics, so that should
be the center of your web. You learned about the
genetics in plants and animals as well as the
basics, such as traits are passed on through
genes; genes, plants, and animals, should be
three branches off of genetics on your brain web.
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1.
2.
3.
Make a list of vocab words.
Reduce the number of words.
Make a Brain Web with the words that are left with the name of the unit in the
middle.
4.
Group words that are closely related enough to use in the
same sentence.
•
For example, DNA, RNA/amino acids, and proteins go
together. Here is a sentence that explains genetics, beyond
the definitions: DNA is said to be the blueprint for life, as
DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins, which
allow organisms to function.
•
For example, genotype and phenotype go together. Here
is a sentence that explains genetics, beyond the
definitions: Two organisms can have the same
phenotype and different genotypes.
•
Write your sentences on flashcards to help you later when
you have to organize your sentences.
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make a list of vocab words.
Reduce the number of words.
Make a Brain Web with the words that are left with the name of the unit in the
middle.
Group words that are closely related enough to use in the same sentence.
Create sentences that explain or describe what you
learned: GENETICS, NOT ones that only define the
words.
• Write your sentences on flashcards to help you later
when you have to organize your sentences.
Warm-Up 1/26/17
SWBAT write practice summary.
Schedule
Friday: movie
Weekend: study practice summary
Monday: Study Island test
Tuesday: multiple choice test
Wednesday: NO Test because of CDO field trip
Thursday: blog post
Friday: performance summary
Monday: misconceptions test
1
st
P
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r
i
o
d
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Genotype, phenotype
DNA, RNA, proteins, phenotype
Cell, eukaryotic, plant, animal,
Animal, sex, somatic
Prokaryotic, nucleoid
DNA, rung, backbone, nucleotide, double helix
Somatic, mitosis, tissue renewal, growth/development
Genetic disorders, mitosis, meiosis, DNA replication, changes in environment
Dominance trait, dominant, recessive, Punnett square
Zygote, chromosome, heredity
Double helix, bases
Plants, reproduce, mitosis, identical
Gamete, zygote, sex cells, meiosis
Sex cells, haploid, gametes
DNA, disorder, replication, protein
Gregor Mendel, traits, dominant, recessive
Plants, animals, genes
Crossing-over, variation, meiosis
DNA, environment
Gamete, chromosome, zygote, crossing-over, diverse
2
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P
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i
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d
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Genotype, phenotype
DNA, RNA, proteins, phenotype
Somatic, mitosis, tissue renewal, growth/development
Dominance trait, dominant, recessive, Punnett square
Plants, reproduce, mitosis, identical
Gamete, zygote, sex cells, meiosis
DNA, disorder, replication, protein
Gregor Mendel, traits, heredity, genetics
Plants, animals, genes
Gamete, chromosome, zygote, crossing-over, diverse
Genes, environment, DNA
identical, replicate, cell division
bases, mutation, disorder
Somatic, animal, growth, tissue repair, mitosis
Dominance traits, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, allele, probability,
genotype
Gene, traits, dominance traits, combination traits,
Mitosis, tissue, repair, growth and development, plant reproduction
Sex cells, haploid, meiosis, gametes, zygote
3
rd
P
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d
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DNA, RNA, proteins
Genes, environment, DNA
identical, replicate, cell division
Gregor Mendel, genetics, heredity
DNA, replicate, cell division
Changes in the environment, mismatched bases, mutation, disorder, hereditary,
genes
Somatic, animal, growth, tissue repair, mitosis
Plant, identical, mitosis
Dominance traits, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, allele, probability,
offspring, genotype
Gene, traits, dominance traits, combination traits,
Gregor Mendel, genetics, heredity, traits
Mitosis, tissue, repair, growth and development, plant reproduction
Crossing-over, reproduction, diverse, animals
Sex cells, haploid, meiosis, gametes, zygote
Steps to Writing a Perfect
Practice Summary
1.
2.
3.
Make a list of vocab words.
Reduce the number of words.
Make a Brain Web with the words that are left with the name of the unit in the
middle.
Group words that are closely related enough to use in the same sentence.
Create sentences that explain or describe what you learned: GENETICS,
NOT ones that only define the words.
4.
5.
6.
Use your flashcards, where you wrote your sentences in
step 5 to organize your summary.
•
•
•
•
A good summary flows well, is easy to read, and makes sense in
the order in which it is written.
Flashcards allow you to easily sort, and rearrange your ideas.
You may need to add some sentences to connect ideas.
My advice: start with the biggest concept, the one in the center of
the brain web, and then take it one branch of the brain web at a
time.
Final List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Gregor Mendel
Genetics
Heredity
Combination traits
Dominance trait
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Punnett square
Genes
DNA
Amino acids/RNA
Protein
Bases A, T, C, G
Mutation
Disorder
Genotype
Environment
Phenotype
Animal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Sex cells
Gametes
Haploid
Chromosomes
Somatic cells
Meiosis
Diploid
Zygote
Growth/development
Tissue renewal/repair
Mitosis
Replicate
Cell division
Identical
Variation/diverse
Crossing-over/Recombination
Plant
Reproduction
1/27/17
• Students watched the documentary “Life” (same
producers of Planet Earth) with the sub.
Warm-Up 1.30.17
SWBAT complete Study Island Test.
I will be grading practice summaries today, if you left
yours at home, bring it tomorrow for a grade. This will be
a practice grade. You can only get credit for practice
summaries before the performance summary.
Multiple Choice Test 1/31/17
2/1/17 CDO Field Trip
Warm-Up 2/2/17 Blog Post
• SWBAT write blog post.
Warm-Up 2/6/17
SWBAT correct multiple choice test on
genetics.
Homework:
• Make flashcards of phases of division.
• Write practice summary using all words.
• Study test corrections for retake Friday.
• Make flashcards with your five best
sentences from your summary.
• Get progress report signed.
Warm-Up 2/7/17
SWBAT explain how to use a microscope.
• Take out your test corrections, they are worth
a grade as we discussed yesterday.
• Take out your flashcards, practice summary
using all words, flashcards with your five best
sentences from your summary, 1st period
progress report signed.
• How to use a microscope:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrZxPVm
hZzM
Warm-Up 2/8/17
SWBAT use a microscope.
• Take out your test corrections, they are worth
a grade as we discussed yesterday.
• Take out your flashcards, practice summary
using all words, flashcards with your five best
sentences from your summary, 1st period
progress report signed.
• How to use a microscope:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrZxPVm
hZzM
Warm-Up 2/9/17
SWBAT review for retake tomorrow.
Take out your test corrections.
Warm-Up 2/10/17
SWBAT retake genetics test.
1.How did you feel about what we did yesterday?
2.Would you be able to host a jeopardy study group?
3.How are you going to be better prepared for your next
test, next unit?
Warm-Up 2/13/17
SWBAT correct retake of genetics test.
1.What helps you get a better score on
tests?
2.What questions are you still getting
wrong? Why?
3.What could I do to help you be better
prepared?
Warm-Up 2/14/17
SWBAT study for last genetics test.
It will be all multiple choice. It will cover all
of the same content as the multiple choice
test, you can also use the word list to
guide you.
Remember, create something new.
Schedule 2/13-3/10
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Test Retake
Corrections
Study for last
genetics test.
Last Multiple
Choice Genetics
Test
What is
adaptation?
Physical V
Behavior
Adaptations
Life Movie with
sub
Life Movie with
sub
Life Movie with
sub
Rodeo Break
Rodeo Break
Quiz on
adaptations, start
Evolution, LAST
CHANCE FOR
RETAKES/LATE
WORK AFTER
SCHOOL
Evidence of
evolution,
Practice
Summary
LAST CHANCE
FOR
RETAKES/LATE
WORK AFTER
SCHOOL
Study Island Test
on Adaptation
Performance
Summary
Multiple Choice
Test on Evolution
Microscopes
Preparing slides
Microscopes
Microscopes
Chemical
Demonstrations
2/15/17 Final Genetics Test
• 25 animals with insane survival adaptations
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNqiclBUxdY
• 25 coolest ways that animals adapt to their
environment
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_YD0XU0TNU