Transcript Types of Biotechnology

CO 1: Ability to explain
foundations of modern
biotechnology.
 Microbial
Biotechnology
 Agricultural Biotechnology
 Animal Biotechnology
 Forensic Biotechnology
 Bioremediation
 Aquatic Biotechnology
 Medical Biotechnology
 Regulatory Biotechnology
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Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of
microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria
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Create better enzymes
More efficient decontamination processes for
industrial waste product removal
Used to clone and produce large amounts of
important proteins used in human medicine
Aspergillus niger
Saccharomyces cerevisae
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Agricultural Biotechnology
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Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants
Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
Drugs developed and grown as plant products
 Animal
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Animals as a source of medically valuable
proteins
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Antibodies
Animals as important models in basic research
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Biotechnology
Gene “knockout” experiments
Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
Animal cloning
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Source of transplant organs
1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and
an adult donor cell. The
(unwanted) chromosomes are
removed from the egg cell and
discarded. The nucleus, containing
the DNA to be cloned, is removed
from the donor cell.
2. The donor nucleus is inserted
into the empty egg cell, a process
called somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT). Afterwards the egg
contains a full (adult) set of
chromosomes as if it had been
fertilised normally.
3. A pulse of electricity, or a
chemical 'shock', kick-starts the
development process, and the
embryo begins to grow.
4. Cell division begins. The
subsequent development of the
embryo depends upon how
successfully the donor nucleus has
're-programmed' the egg.
 Forensic
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Biotechnology
DNA fingerprinting
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Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion
Paternity cases
Identification of human remains
Endangered species
Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
 Bioremediation
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The use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and manmade
substances
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Particularly those that contribute to pollution
For example, bacteria that degrade
components in
crude oil
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1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
 Aquatic
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Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in
controlled conditions for use as food sources
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30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide
Genetic engineering
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Biotechnology
Disease-resistant strains of oysters
Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish
Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins
and metabolic processes with important
applications for
human benefits
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Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources
of antitumor and anticancer molecules
 Medical
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Involved with the whole spectrum of human
medicine
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Preventive medicine
Diagnosis of health and illness
Treatment of human diseases
New information from Human Genome Project
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Biotechnology
Gene therapy
Stem cell technologies
 Medical
Biotechnology
 Regulatory
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Quality Assurance (QA)
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Biotechnology
All activities involved in regulating the final quality of
a product
Quality Control (QC)
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Part of QA process that involves lab testing and
monitoring of processes and applications to ensure
consistent product standards
 How
will medical biotechnology change our
lives
in the years ahead?
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Human Genome Project
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Research on the function of human genes and
controlling factors that regulate genes
Human proteome
Collection of proteins responsible for activity
in a human cell
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 How
will medical biotechnology change our
lives in the years ahead?
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
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Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA
sequences that vary from individual to individual
These variations influence how we respond to stress
and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases
 Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes,
and behavioral and emotional illnesses
 How
will medical biotechnology change our
lives in the years ahead?
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Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine
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Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies
based on the genetic profile of a patient
Metabolomics
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A snapshot of the small molecules produced during
cellular metabolism
 Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules
 How
will medical biotechnology change our
lives in the years ahead?
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Nanotechnology
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Applications that incorporate extremely small devices
Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
 How
will medical biotechnology change our
lives in the years ahead?
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Regenerative medicine
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Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat
genetic disease conditions
 Biotechnology
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is a global industry
Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide
revenues
$40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the
United
States
 Jobs
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in Biotechnology
Research and development
Operations, biomanufacturing and production
Bioinformatics
Quality assurance and quality control
Clinical research and regulatory affairs
Marketing, sales, finance, legal