Transcript Cell BIG IDEAS

EOC BIG IDEAS Review
Mr. Rosato’s GT6
Spring 2015
Scientific Method: We DO this without even thinking
State the Problem
about it
1. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
Make it as precise
as possible
Testable
Prediction
Independent
Variable: I change it
Constant always
keep it the same
Control Group:
Compare all your
tests to this group
Think
Predict
Observe
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
4. Data
Dependent
Variable
Depends on the
Independent variable
Qualitative means
describe or categorize
Quantitative means a
measure a number
5.
Conclusions
Does the Data
support the
hypothesis?
6. Communicate
Enough detail to
allow others to
repeat experiment
If no, revise the
hypothesis
If yes, then
Theory = happens
more than once
Classify
Law = happens
ALL the time
Compare
& Contrast
Infer
Scientific Method BIG IDEAS
• Ask a Question→ Answer it with a well-designed
Experiment
• Independent Variable: I change it
• Dependent Variable: DATA
• Theory = happens more than once
• Law = happens ALL the time
Weather Systems
&
Cloud Types
Air Masses
•Bodies of air that bring distinctive
weather features to the country.
•A mass of air in air that is very uniform
in temperature, pressure, and
humidity.
•Polar = cold
•Tropical = warm
•Maritime = moist
Continental = dry
Air Masses in Atmosphere
•Air Masses cover several millions of square
kilometers and extend vertically throughout
the troposphere
Weather Map: Fronts, Systems, Jet stream
Weather Fronts
A front is the transition zone between
two air masses of different density.
Fronts extend not only in the horizontal direction,
but in the vertical as well.
Cold Front & Air Masses
Cold Front on a Weather Map
Warm Front on a Weather Map
Wind Circulation Patterns
Global Wind Patterns
Weather Forecasting
• Tools Used:
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Thermometer (temperature)
Barometer (pressure)
Hygrometer (humidity)
Radar (storm & cloud movement)
Satellite imagery (storm & cloud movement)
• National Weather Service Boise Site:
• http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/boi/
• Weather Channel Site:
• http://www.weather.com/
Weather Maps
Climate
• Average of all weather conditions in area over a long time
• Ex: temperature, precipitation
• Climate is cyclically influenced by ocean currents & temperatures
• El Niño & La Niña
• These variations alter:
• surface wind
• surface ocean temperatures
• deep ocean temperatures
Normal vs. El Niño Ocean Temperatures
Unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific
Winters are warmer than normal in the Northern States &
cooler than normal in the Southern States
Is Global Warming Real?
YES! – The only possible
question is:
“Did Mankind Cause it?”
Normal vs. La Niña Ocean Temperatures
Unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific
Winters are cooler than normal in the Northwest &
warmer than normal in the Southeast
Cloud Characterization
•Clouds are characterized by:
1. Height above the ground
a) Cirro
b) Alto
c) Nimbo
2. Type of cloud
a) Cirrus
b) Cumulus
c) Stratus – any cloud type can form layers
Cloud Levels & Types
Cloud Levels & Types
Weather BIG IDEAS
• Air Masses are characterized by temperature,
and humidity
pressure,
• Different Air masses caused by uneven heating of the Earth’s
surface from the SUN
• High Pressure = colder, denser, dry air = FAIR Weather
• Low Pressure = warmer, less dense, wetter air = rainy Weather
• Winds caused by differences in pressure
• Jet Stream is the prevailing wind direction (West to East in
northern hemisphere)
• Clouds characterized by Height (Cirro, Alto, Nimbo) &
Type (Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus)
Forces & Motion Study
Guide
Mr. Rosato’s GT6 EOC Review
Motion
• Motion = Change in position
• Speed = Distance
Time
• Velocity = Speed with a direction
• Acceleration = Change in Velocity
Time
Forces
• Force = Push or Pull
• Types:
• Contact - Causes Motion
• Gravity - Causes Motion
• Friction - Opposes Motion
Simple Machines
Work = Force x Distance
Simple Machines reduce the amount of force required to move an object by
increasing the disdtance the person moves
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s Laws describe how forces produce motion. The Three
Laws are:
I. Inertia/laziness – things want to keep doing what they’re
doing.
II. F = ma
•
Forces cause Acceleration
III. Action/Reaction
•
Forces act in pairs
Balanced Forces
• equal + opposite: No net Force
• No Motion
Unbalanced Forces
• Not equal + opposite: A net Force
• Result in Motion
Forces & Motion BIG IDEAS
• Motion is a change in position
• Speed (change in distance with time)
• Velocity (change in speed or direction)
• Acceleration (change in velocity)
• Newton’s Laws
1. Inertia
2. Forces cause acceleration
3. Action/Reaction
• Simple Machines: 6 types, reduced force, but
more distance
Life Science Study Guide
Cell Theory
Cell Structure
Cell Reproduction
Genetics & Heredity
Cell Theory
I.
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
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II.
can be single-celled (called protozoa)
can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function
All life processes take place in cells
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III.
Energy production
Growth & reproduction
New cells are produced from existing ones
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Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth
Parts of a Cell
• Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells
• Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles
• Differences between Plant & Animal Cells:
• Cell wall (plants)
• Large single vacuole (plants)
• Chloroplasts (plants)
Plant Cell
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear pore
Cell wall
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleus
Control Center
DNA
Cell Membrane
Controls what substances enter &
leave cell
Nucleolus
Provides cell instructions for
reproduction
regulates all cell activity by controlling the
enzymes present.
Rough ER*
Chloroplast
Make sugars for food
Smooth ER*
*ER : produces proteins
and lipids for the
cell's organelles
Rough contains Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
Clear fluid
FedEx: Transport System
Microtubules
Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Stores nutrients and waste
Creates energy
Ribosomes
Make Proteins
*ER : produces proteins
and lipids for the
cell's organelles
Rough contains Ribosomes
Animal Cell
Chromosomes
Contain DNA
Nucleus Pore
Nuclear membrane
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Microtubules
Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Control Center
Nucleolus
Controls what substances
enter & leave cell
regulates all cell activity by controlling the
enzymes present.
Centriole
Pull apart chromosoes during mitosis
Rough ER*
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Creates energy
FedEx: Transport System
Vacuoles
Stores nutrients and waste
Cytoplasm
Clear fluid
Smooth ER*
Ribosomes
Make Proteins
Eukaryote
have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)
Prokaryote
lack a nucleus (most bacteria)
Cell Family Tree
Cells
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Bacteria
Protozoa
Plant
Animal
Multicellular Organisms:
5 Structural Levels of Organization
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
building block of life
Perform a specific function
Perform a specific job –
made of at least 2 types of tissue
Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions
Specialized Cells
Muscle Cell
Nerve Cell
Blood Cells
Cell Reproduction
• Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes:
Mitosis=
1.
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asexual reproduction
A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division.
Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues
Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells
Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division
Cell Reproduction
2.
Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction
• A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells.
• The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed
• Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells
combine to produce a fertilized egg
Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs.
Meiosis (cell reproduction):
Mitosis
Cell BIG IDEAS
• Cells are basis of living things
• Have organelles
• Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
• Eukaryotes have nucleus, prokaryotes have NO nucleus
• Cells speciallize: cells→tissues→organs→organ systems→ORGANISMS
• Cells make new cells:
• Mitosis: Makes 2 identical cells for body growth
• Meiosis: Makes 4 reproductive daughter cells with mixed genetics from both
parents = instructions for embryo/egg development
• Gene
Trait: a Terminology
• PHYSICAL characteristic of an organism
• passed down from our parents (e.g., ear lobe shape).
• Gene:
• DNA information which produces a trait
• (e.g., the part of the gene for ear shape)
• Allele:
• a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the
Earlobe gene (Bb)
allele for attached earlobes)
• For example:
B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe
Gene Terminology
• Genotype
• the genetic make-up of an organism
• The pair of alleles passed from the parents (e.g., BB, bb, Bb)
• Phenotype
• the PHYSICAL result of a gene combination.
• The trait which is displayed as a result of the genotype
Earlobe gene (Bb)
DOMINANCE
• Dominant Trait: .
• A trait that is most likely to appear due to a strong gene.
• dominant allele
• represented by a capital letter (e.g.,
B)
• Dominance is when one allele can mask the presence of another. (e.g.,
Bb is the same as BB)
• Recessive Trait:
• A trait that is less likely to appear due to a weaker allele or gene.
• recessive allele
• represented by a lower case letter (eg., b)
Types of Alleles
• Homozygous• having a similar pair of genes for a hereditary characteristic (e.g.,
BB or bb).
• Heterozygous• having a dissimilar pair of genes for
a hereditary characteristic (e.g., Bb).
Punnett square
• Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram
Parent genotype
possible genotype outcome for any offspring
Punnett Square for Mendel’s F1 Pea Plants
•Each cell within the
square is
representative of
one possible
genotype for any
offspring;
•Male is always
placed on top;
Female is on the left
side
Genetics BIG IDEAS
• Chromosomes contain DNA
• DNA is a double helix with base pair bridges (ATCG)
• Gene:
• the sequence of base pairs in a section of DNA
• Genetic information in DNA produces a physical trait
• Allele:
• a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the
allele for attached earlobes) B = Dominant; b= recessive
• For example:
B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe
• Genotype = the pair opf allleles in a gene (Bb)
• Phenotype = the physical trait produced by the genotype
Genetics BIG IDEAS: Punnett square
• Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram
Parent genotype
possible genotype outcome for any offspring