Transcript Cloning - My George School

IB SL BIOLOGY:
CLONING AND YOU
COLIN MCKAY
ESSENTIAL DEFINITIONS
• Cloning
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Producing identical copies of genetic material
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Genes, chromosomes, cells can be cloned
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Does not need to be done by humans
• Clone
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Any product of cloning
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Occurs frequently in nature
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Does not apply to humans or animals alone
TECHNIQUES FOR CLONING
• Cells taken from cloning target
• Cells are rendered dormant
• Unfertilized egg extracted from donor
• Egg’s nucleus is removed
• Target cell and ‘enucleated’ egg are fused
• Embryo grows and divides
• Embryo is implanted into surrogate mother
• Host mother gives birth to cloned infant
APPLICATIONS OF CLONING - REPRODUCTIVE
Reproductive Cloning
• Naturally occurs: identical twins, triplets, etc.
• Can lead to sterile or deformed clones
• Can be used to resurrect species1
• Goal is to literally ‘reproduce’ target
PLANT AND ANIMAL CLONING
• Plants and fungi are usually easy to clone
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Stem or leaf can grow into another adult
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Self-pollination
• Animals are usually more difficult to clone
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Usually can only occur during embryonic phase
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First successful cloned animal was Dolly the sheep2
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Dolly died of lung disease and arthritis; possibly unrelated
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Dolly died at half her expected age
APPLICATIONS OF CLONING - THERAPEUTIC
Therapeutic cloning
• Naturally occurs: mitosis, adult stem cells
• Can be used to cure type 1 diabetes
• Can lead to cancerous or deformed cells
• Goal is to heal target
THERAPEUTIC CLONING IN HUMANS
FOR
AGAINST
• Can be used for therapies that save lives and
end suffering
• Every human embryo is a potential human being
with the right to develop
• Cells can be removed from embryos that will
stop developing
• More embryos can be produced than needed,
wasting potential human life entirely
• Cells can be removed before embryos have any
nerves to interpret pain
• Embryonic stem cells have a higher chance of
mutating or becoming cancerous
BASIC GENOME INFORMATION
• Genome Definition
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The genetic material of an organism
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DNA or RNA, depending on organism
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Includes both genes and non-coding sequences
• Human Genome
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Originally estimated at ~25,000-30,000 genes
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Number continues to shrink
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Now estimated to be ~20,000-25,000 genes3
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• A multi-national initiative
• Goal
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To find and define every gene
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Gene is ‘found’ by attributing it a locus
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Gene is ‘identified by listing its base sequence
• Outcomes
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Easier to study how genes influence human development
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Easier identification of new diseases
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Production of new gene-specific drugs
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New insight into origins, evolution, migration of humans
BIBLIOGRAPHY - IMAGES
• http://carboncostume.com/agent-smith/
• http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/csr20040313r
• http://blog.evenues.com/2011/11/19/the-most-creative-meeting-room-names-in-the-u-s/
• http://killcellulite.reviewspartner.com/how/how-human-cloning-will-work-howstuffworks.html
• http://www.newsbiscuit.com/2006/10/27/identical-twins-in-face-transplant-success/
• http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html
• http://bio1100.nicerweb.com/Locked/src/chap13.html
• http://www.nature.com/news/leaked-files-slam-stem-cell-therapy-1.14472
• https://prezi.com/oqnb6aoy11po/human-experimentation/
• http://cer-e-bro.tumblr.com/post/87253960522/medicalschool-a-graphical-representation-of-the
• http://leavingbio.net/HEREDITY-ORDINARY%20LEVEL.htm
BIBLIOGRAPHY - FURTHER READING
• Gray, Richard, and Roger Dobson. "Extinct Ibex Is Resurrected by Cloning."
The Telegraph. Last modified January 31, 2009. Accessed April 19, 2015.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/
Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html.
• Animal Research Info. "Cloning Dolly the Sheep." AnimalResearch.info. Accessed
April 19, 2015. http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/
cloning-dolly-the-sheep/.
• Macmillan Publishers. "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome."
Nature. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7011/full/
nature03001.html.