Transcript 11/14

Homework #3 is due 11/19
Bonus #2 is posted
No class W 11/21
Federal Spending on Cancer
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding
Treating cancer:
• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens
– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery
– Must remove all cancer cells
– Non-invasive
• Radiation
– Directed at tumor
– Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy
– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells
– Mutagenic, many side effects
Chemotherapy
X
X
a rapidly dividing cell
toxin
toxin
toxin
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
MDR
toxin
toxin
toxin
toxin
toxin
toxin
I’m a cancer cell with
over-expressing MDR.
I laugh at your toxins.
MDR
toxin
toxin
MDR
toxin
Some cancers over-express MDR
One of the latest
chemotherapy
treatments involves
cutting off the blood
supply to the tumor.
(anti-angiogenesis)
Cells need the proximity of
blood vessels to survive
Tumors must have
sufficient blood flow to
continue cell division
induce blood
vessel growth
(angiogenesis)
Tumors Evolve: Only tumor cells near blood
vessels or that can attract blood vessels
survive.
Treating cancer:
• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens
– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery
– Must remove all cancer cells
– Non-invasive
• Radiation
– Directed at tumor
– Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy
– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells
– Mutagenic, many side effects
Detecting
Cancer or
Types of
Cancer
Fig 13.18-19
A Microarray is a chip with DNA
sequences (genes) bound to the surface at
known locations.
It can be used to track or monitor
expression of many genes.
Tracking changes in gene expression using a
Microarray
Making cDNA
from RNA
Tracking changes in gene expression using a
Microarray
Tracking
changes in gene
expression using
a Microarray
Use of microarray to estimate genes likely
present in malignant cancers
Use of microarray to estimate genes likely
different genes
present in malignant cancers
Patients
cancer
free for
5+ years
Patients
cancer
spread in
5 years
similar to Fig 13.18-19
Young (>55) Breast cancer patients
More accurate
profiling of
tumors results in
more accurate
choices of
treatments.
Patients with
benign tumors can
avoid
chemotherapy
(adjuvant).
Treating cancer:
• Avoid it
– Avoid mutagens
– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age
• Surgery
– Must remove all cancer cells
– Non-invasive
• Radiation
– Directed at tumor
– Mutagenic, side effects
• Chemotherapy
– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells
– Mutagenic, many side effects
{Meiosis:
producing gametes}
For life to exist,
the information
(genes) must be
passed on.
{Mitosis:
producing more cells}
Asexaul
Reproduction
extremely low
genetic diversity
vs.
Sexaul
Reproduction
greater genetic
diversity
Gene for
growth
hormone
Gene for
brown hair
pigment
Gene for
blue eye
pigment
Gene for
hemoglobin
similar to Fig 2.18
Gene for
DNA polymerase
Haploid
chromosomes
Allele for
low express
(short)
Gene for
growth
hormone
Allele for
high express
(tall)
similar to Fig 2.18
Allele for
black hair
Gene for
hair color
Allele for
black hair
Allele for
sickle cell Hb
Gene for
hemoglobin
Allele for
normal Hb
Diploid
chromosomes
Each pair of
chromosomes
is comprised
of a paternal
and maternal
chromosome
Meiosis splits apart the
pairs of chromosomes.
Fig 2.19
X 23
in humans
Homework #3 is due 11/19
Bonus #2 is posted
No class W 11/21
Federal Spending on Cancer
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding