Transcript GMO presentation_Edmisten_ExtConf2015 part 1

What word comes to mind when you
think of "GMO"?
http://go.ncsu.edu/gmopoll
My Background with Biotechnology
BXN Cotton - 1995
Variety
Post herbicides
# lint/a
Mike
UHM
BXN47
Buctril
Buctril
700 b
5.1 a
1.04 b
BXN47
Cotoran
Bladex
718 b
5.0 a
1.03 b
LA887
Cotoran
Bladex
822 ab
5.2 a
1.08 a
DLP51
Cotoran
Bladex
892 a
4.7 a
1.08 a
My Background with Biotechnology
My Background with Biotechnology
DP 458BRR-UNT
DP 458BRR-4 lf
POST
DP 458BRR-4 lf
POST & 8 lf PD
My Background with Biotechnology
Flower from non-treated
plant--Good pollen deposition
Flower from glyphosate-treated plant-pollen deposition only on low stigma
My Background with Biotechnology
Yield changes since introduction of RR cotton
800
LINT YIELD
700
600
500
400
300
75
80
85
90
YEARS AFTER 1900
95
100
105
My Background with Biotechnology
My Background with Biotechnology
My Background with Biotechnology
My Background with Biotechnology
My Background with Biotechnology
 All these issues (pollination problems, bollworm
control, yield drag) were addressed with
improved technology and new GE varieties
 98% of farms in NC are family farms and good
labor is a huge issue
 Convenience is as important to farmers as the
public
My Background with Biotechnology
What is a GMO? What is the difference between
genetically modified organisms and genetically
engineered organisms.
What is a GMO?
Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and
animals for millennia
All due to mutations and genomic alterations. All required human intervention for breeding and/or selection
What is a GMO?
Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia
What is a GMO?
National Academies of Science http://nas-sites.org/gecrops/category/events/pastevents/
What is a GMO?
Recombinant DNA
 Transgenic - a gene is moved from one non-closely
related species to another
 Cisgenic/intragenic - a gene is moved within the same
species or a closely related species.
 Subgenic - a gene is edited to amplify, delete, insert,
silence or repress the gene.
CRISPR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8
RNAi - is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vh3-NHdjnyQ
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
or
What is a GMO?
http://www.scotsman.com/news/professoranthony-trewavas-i-yam-convinced-gm-foodis-safe-1-3958842
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO?
What is a GMO? What is the difference between
genetically modified organisms and genetically
engineered organisms?
Conventional
breeding/hybrids
(crossbetween two
non-clonal plants)
Mutation
breeding
Transgenics
Cisgenics
Examples in
common foods
Almost everything
Some bananas,
Much corn,
pears, apples, rice, cotton,soy,
yams, mint, others canola, papaya
Coming soon
Number of
genes affected
10K-300k,
depending on
species
No way to assess 1-3, few more in
stacked products
1-3, usually 1
What is a GMO?
Where are they grown?
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/infographic/pdf/B49-MapInfographic-English.pdf
What crops have a GMO trait? What do the traits do
and what is the benefit of these traits?
GE Crops that have been commercialized in US
GE Crops that have been approved but not
commercialized in US
Arctic Apple
Innate Potato
Rennet is a complex of enzymes produced in stomachs of ruminant mammals
which is used in the production of most cheeses. Chymosin, its key
component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk, helping
young mammals digest their mothers' milk.
Increased anti-oxidant resveratrol
Decreased wine spoilage
Decreased biogenic amines
tart-tasting malic acid, naturally present in
grape must, is converted to softer-tasting
lactic acid.
http://www.wineanorak.com/GM_yeasts.htm
http://www.iflscience.com/technology/gm-yeast-couldboost-health-benefits-wine-and-reduce-hangovers
What is a GMO?
What crops have a GMO trait? What do the
traits do and what is the benefit of these
traits?
What is a GMO?
GE Crop Traits
All genetically engineered crops are not created equal - Raoul Adamchak
 Herbicide tolerance - crop can withstand herbicide applications
 Insect tolerance - plant produces toxin to kill pest
 Improved nutrition – plant produces a substance of nutritive value or
is changed to not produce an antinutrient
 Disease resistant – crop is resistant to certain disease
 Stress Tolerance – crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient levels or
excess nutrients
 Increased Storage – crop can be stored longer to avoid spoilage
losses
 Medicinal uses – crops that produce medicines or vaccines
 Industrial uses – crops to make more efficient industries
 Toxin removal - removal or silencing of genes responsible for toxins in
plants
 Improved Metabolism – change in metabolism to improve efficiency
GE Crop Traits





Herbicide Resistance
Decreased tillage
Less soil erosion
CO2 sequestration
Increase soil organic matter
Reduced trips through the field
Less fuel use
X
Farmers
Consumers
X
Environment
Needy
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance

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

Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
Does resistance confer
competitive advantage in
the wild?
http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps2013-129
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
http://www.gmo-safety.eu/basic-info/359.seed-sterility.html
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance
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


Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
1. Skyrocketing herbicide use
Despite assurances to Congress and regulators over the last
two decades that crops modified to be herbicide resistant
would lead to less chemical usage, a peer-reviewed paper
published last summer showed that the three major GMO
crops in the U.S. – corn, soybeans, and cotton – have
increased overall herbicide use by more than 527 million
pounds between 1996 – 2011, compared to what it likely
would have been in the absence of GMO
crops. http://www.justlabelit.org/right-to-know-center/whylabeling-makes-sense/
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton — break it down per acre and
it's not so dramatic. NPR using USDA data http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillersand-gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton. NPR using USDA data - http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers-andgmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
World Health Organization’s International
Agency for Research on
Cancer announced findings that
glyphosate, the main ingredient in
Monsanto’s RoundUp line of pesticides,
is “probably carcinogenic to humans.”
Known carcinogens - Sunshine, ethanol in
alcoholic beverages, acrylamide etc.
Probable carcinogens - night shifts ,
wood smoke, glyphosate
http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/03/23/glyphosate-carcinogenic-independent-global-scientists-weigh-in/
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical
Safety “Animal studies show that glyphosate is not carcinogenic,
mutagenic or teratogenic.”
European Food Safety Authority “glyphosate is unlikely to pose a
carcinogenic hazard to humans.”
The U.S. EPA classified glyphosate as Group E, evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans.
The U.S. EPA does not consider glyphosate to be a human carcinogen based on studies of
laboratory animals that did not produce compelling evidence of carcinogenicity.
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority “The APVMA currently has no data before it suggesting
that glyphosate products registered in Australia and used according to label instructions present any unacceptable risks to human
health, the environment and trade …”
“The weight and strength of evidence shows that glyphosate is not genotoxic, carcinogenic or neurotoxic. “
German Risk Agency “In conclusion of this re-evaluation process of the active substance glyphosate by BfR the
available data do not show carcinogenic or mutagenic properties of glyphosate nor that glyphosate is toxic to fertility,
reproduction or embryonal/fetal development in laboratory animals.
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance




Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
Agent orange was a mixture of herbicides containing 2,4-D and
2,4,5-T. The 2,4,5-T was contaminated with dioxin, not the 2,4-D.
GE Crop Traits
Herbicide Resistance





Concerns
Weed resistance
Gene flow to closely related species
Increased herbicide usage
Roundup/2,4-D toxicity
Reduction in herbicide discovery
Pest Management Science
Volume 68, Issue 4, pages 505-512, 22 DEC 2011 DOI:
10.1002/ps.2333
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2333/full#fig1
http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1424185/eib124.pdf
GE Crop Traits
Insect Resistance
Decreased Insecticide Applications
X
Farmers
Consumers
X
X
Environment
Needy
GE Crop Traits
Insect Resistance
Decreased Insecticide Applications
U.S. Insecticide use in Corn (M lbs) of active ingredient)
X
Farmers
Consumers
X
X
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service
Environment
Needy
GE Crop Traits
Insect Resistance
Decreased Insecticide Applications
X
Farmers
Consumers
X
X
Environment
Needy
GE Crop Traits
Insect Resistance
Advantages
Limitations
Decrease in broad-spectrum
insecticide use on corn and
cotton
Need to plant refugia to slow
resistance
Lower fuel and labor costs
for farmers
Pockets of resistance are
seen and require use of
insecticides
Solid dividends in the
developing world
Still requires careful scouting
for secondary insects
No effect on beneficials
GE Crop Traits
Insect Resistance
Secondary pests