Transcript Biology/Life Science Review

BIOLOGY/LIFE SCIENCE
REVIEW
DO NOW
• Abnormal cell division may result in
•
•
•
•
Disease prevention
Tissue repair
Metamorphosis
Cancer
• What would happen if the nucleus of a cell
became damaged in some way?
LIVING VS. NON LIVING
• Living is used to describe anything that is or
has ever been alive (dog, flower, seed, road
kill, log)
• all living things grow, breathe, reproduce, excrete,
respond to stimuli, and have similar basic needs
like nourishment.
• Nonliving is used to describe anything that is
not now nor has ever been alive (rock,
mountain, glass, wristwatch)
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE
UP OF _________
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyWYID2cTK0
WHAT ARE CELLS?
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function of living things.
• This means that cells:
• Make up all living things.
• Provide instructions for what the organism is
supposed “to do”.
• Provides the outline for what the organism is
supposed “to look like”.
WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY?
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things
• All cells are produced from other cells
PLANTS VS. ANIMAL
CELLS
EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Eukaryotic has a nucleus with a
membrane around nucleus
• Animal and Plant Cells
• Prokaryotic has no membrane
around their nuclear material
• Bacteria and cells that form pond
scum
ALL CELLS
• All cells have three basic
components: Cell Membrane,
Nucleus (DNA), Cytoplasm and
Ribosomes
PLANT VS. ANIMAL
PLANT CELLS VS ANIMAL CELLS
• Cell Walls
• Chloroplasts
• Rectangle shape
because of cell
wall
• 2 large vacuoles
(store
food/energy)
• No cell walls
• No chloroplasts,
can’t make own
food
• Round shape
• Many small
vacuoles
CELL WALL
• Cell Walls are only found in plant
cells.
• Cell Walls perform the following:
• Protect the Cells
• Give the Cells a Strong Shape
• They provide support for the Cells
BACTERIA CELLS
• Contain cell wall and cytoplasm
• One single chromosome
• There is no nuclei, but they do
contain ribosomes
• No membrane-covered
organelles
ORGANELLES
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Chromatin
• Cytoplasm
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Ribosome
• Golgi body
• Mitochondria
• Lysosome
• Cell wall
• Chloroplast
READ PAGES 45 – 55 ANSWER # 1-3
Feature
Prokaryotic/eurka
ryotic
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chlorophyll
Vacuoles – large
or small
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacteria Cell
PERMEABILITY
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
THINK OF PASTA…
ALTHOUGH THE COLLANDER HAS HOLES IN IT, THE PASTA
STAYS INSIDEBECAUSE THEY ARE LARGER THAN THE
HOLES.IF WE PUT RICE IN THE COLLANDER, THE RICE
WOULD MOST LIKEYLY FALL THROUGH THE HOLES
BECAUSE IT IS SMALLER THAN THE COLLANDER HOLES.
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
THE PROPERTY OF A CELL
MEMBRANE THAT ALLOWS SOME
MATERIALS TO PASS THROUGH WHILE
KEEPING OTHERS OUT IS KNOWN AS
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
DIFFUSION
• Molecules are constantly moving. They
tend to move from crowded areas to
where there are fewer of them.
• Diffusion = movement of molecules
from high concentration to low
concentration
- spreads out evenly till dynamic
equilibrium is reached
OSMOSIS
• Osmosis = diffusion of water through a
cell membrane
• When the transfer of water into and out of
the cell reaches the same rate, equilibrium
is reached
• If cells are not surrounded by pure water,
they will lose water
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
The
movement of particles across
the cell membrane by diffusion
The cells use no energy to move
materials
http://www.brainpop.com/science
/cellularlifeandgenetics/passivetran
sport/
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
When
materials require energy to
move through a cell membrane
Transport proteins are also involved
Sometimes cells are required to move
substances from where there are small
amounts to where there are large
amounts.
HTTP://WWW.BRAINPOP.COM/SCIENC
E/CELLULARLIFEANDGENETICS/ACTIV
ETRANSPORT/
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
CELL DIVISION:
• All cells are derived from
preexisting cells (Cell Theory)
• Cell division - process where
cells produce new cells
REASONS FOR CELL DIVISION:
Cell growth
Repair & replacement of
damaged cell parts
Reproduction of/ species
CELLS DIVIDE IN
TWO STEPS
1. NUCLEUS DIVIDES
2. CYTOPLASM
DIVIDES
MEIOSIS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Meiosis = process of nuclear division
that produces sex cells
• A new organism is produced when sex
cells from TWO parents combine
• Male sex cell – sperm
• Female sex cell – egg
IMPORTANCE OF SEX CELLS
• In body cells, chromosomes are
found in pairs
• 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs of
chromosomes
• Alike chromosomes will pair
FERTILIZATION
• Fertilization = the joining of an egg and a
sperm
• Fertilization results in the formation of the
Zygote. (fertilized egg)
• An egg with 23 chromosomes joins a sperm
with 23 chromosomes, a zygote forms that
has 46 chromosomes
• Then the zygote underdoes mitosis
MITOSIS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Mitosis - Division of nucleus to
form two identical nuclei
Each nuclei has the same
number and type of
chromosomes as the original
BUDDING
• Type of a-sexual reproduction in which
a new organism grows from the body
of the parent organism
• A few organisms can repair damaged
or lost body parts by regeneration.
• A whole organism may develop from a
piece of the organism
GENETICS
HEREDITY
• Heredity is the passing of traits
from parent to offspring
• Traits are controlled by genes
HOW ARE TRAITS
INHERITED? PAGE 124
• Genes control all the traits that are
present in an organism
• When pairs of chromosomes separate
into sex cells during ___________, pairs
of genes also separate from one
another.
• Each sex cell then ends up with one
form of a gene for each trait that an
organism shows
HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED?
PAGE 124
• The study of how traits are inherited
through the actions of alleles is the
science of genetics
GREGOR MENDEL
The basic laws of heredity were first
formed during the mid-1800’s by an
Austrian botanist monk named Gregor
Mendel. Because his work laid the
foundation to the study of heredity,
Mendel is referred to as “The Father
of Genetics.”
DOMINANT & RECESSIVE
• Dominant = the form of a trait that
appears to dominate or mask another
form of the same trait
• Recessive = the form of a trait that
does not dominate or mask another
trait
PUNNETT SQUARE
• A tool that shows how genes can combine:
used to predict the probability of types of
offspring
• Capital Letter (T)= Dominant
• Lowercase letter (t) = Recessive
• When the letters combine, they show a
genetic makeup, or genotype of an
organism
TOOLS TO KNOW
A PUNNET SQUARE
IS A TOOL USED TO
PREDICT THE
POSSIBLE
GENOTYPES FOR
THE OFFSPRING OF
TWO KNOWN
PARENTS.
PARENT’S GENES
PARENT’S GENES
TERMS TO KNOW
ALLELES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A
TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY
HAVE
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO ALLELES THAT ARE
THE SAME
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO DIFFERENT
ALLELES FOR A TRAIT
T,t
TT, tt
Tt, Gg
TERMS TO KNOW
HYBRID
SAME AS
HETEROZYGOUS
DOMINANT
A TRAIT THAT
DOMINATES OR COVERS
UP THE OTHER FORM OF
THE TRAIT
Tt, Gg
REPRESENTED BY AN
UPPERCASE LETTER
T G
OR
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING
DOMINATED OR
COVERED UP BY THE
DOMINATE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY A
LOWER CASE LETTER
t g
or
TERMS TO KNOW
PHENOTYPE
THE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT,
GREEN,
WRINKLED
GENOTYPE
THE GENE ORDER OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK
LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
RATIO
THE RELATIONSHIP IN
NUMBERS BETWEEN
TWO OR MORE THINGS
3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1
HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT
SQUARE
THE PARENTS’
ALLELES GO ON THE
OUTSIDE OF THE
SQUARE
BB X bb
B
b
b
B
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
DO NOW
• A cell’s chromosome contains
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Genes
Sperm
Egg
Cholorphyll
Which human body systems work directly together
to allow locomotion?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Circulatory, excretory, respiratory
Circulatory, endocrine, reproductive
Skeletal, muscular, nervous
Skeletal, digestive, respiratory
SYSTEMS
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Skeletal/muscle
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Excretory
• Reproductive
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Amino Acids
• Fats
• Vitamins
• Minerals
Pages 600 - 608
INTRODUCTION
• The digestive system is
used for breaking
down food into
nutrients which then
pass into the
circulatory system and
are taken to where
they are needed in the
body.
INTRODUCTION
 There are four stages to
food processing:
1. Ingestion: taking in
food
2. Digestion: breaking
down food into
nutrients
3. Absorption: taking in
nutrients by cells
4. Egestion: removing
any leftover wastes
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Begins when food
enters the mouth.
• It is physically broken
down by the teeth.
• It is begun to be
chemically broken
down by amylase, an
enzyme in saliva that
breaks down
carbohydrates.
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Peristalsis is a wave
of muscular
contractions that
push broken down
food down towards
the stomach.
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 The acid kills off any
invading bacteria or
viruses.
 The enzymes help
break down proteins
and lipids. Chemical
Digestion.
 The mucus protects
the lining of the
stomach from being
eaten away by the
acid.
DIGESTION AND HOMEOSTASIS
• The endocrine, nervous,
digestive and circulatory
systems all work
together to control
digestion.
• Before we eat, smelling
food releases saliva in
our mouths and gastrin
in our stomachs which
prepares the body for a
snack.
The Hormone Gastrin
DIGESTION AND HOMEOSTASIS
 A large meal
activates receptors
that churn the
stomach and empty it
faster.
 If the meal was high in
fat, digestion is
slowed, allowing time
for the fat to be
broken down.
 Hence why we feel
fuller after eating a
high fat meal.
REVIEW
1. ______ provides
energy and materials
for development,
growth, and repair
2. Why does the
body need vitamins?
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
Page 625
Resting Heart
Rate
Heart Rate after
Exercise
FUNCTION
• To circulate blood, nutrients and waste
throughout the body to maintain
homeostasis
• 3 forms forms of circulation
• Coronary
• Pulmonary
• Systemic
HEART
• Four cavities called chambers
• Two upper chambers are right and
left atria
• Two lower chambers are the right
and left ventricles
• Blood flows from the atria to the
ventricle
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• Blood flows in a continuous circulation
• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood
through the heart to the lungs and back to
the heart
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
• Systemic circulation moves oxygen-rich
blood to all of your organs and body tissues
except for the heart and lungs
• Once nutrients and oxygen are delivered by
blood to your body cells and exchanged for
carbon dioxide and wastes, the blood
returns to the heart in veins
CORONARY CIRCULATION
• The heart has its own vessels that supply it with
nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes
• Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to the
tissues of the heart.
• When coronary circulation is blocked, oxygen
cannot reach the cells of the heart
• RESULT = ?
BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries : Move blood AWAY from the
heart
• Each ventricle of the heart is connected to
an artery, so with each contraction blood
is moved from the heart into arteries.
• Veins : Brings blood back to the heart
• Capillaries: Connect the arteries and
veins
BLOOD PRESSURE
• When the heart pumps blood through
the cardiovascular system, blood
exerts a force on the walls of vessels
called blood pressure
• The pressure is highest in the arteries
• As the wave of pressure rises and falls
in your arteries it is felt as your pulse
• Blood pressure is measured in large
arteries
BLOOD
• Carries oxygen from lungs to all body cells
• Removes carbon dioxide from your body
cells and carries it to the lungs to be exhaled
• Carries waste products to be removed
• Transports nutrients from the digestive system
to body cells
• Fight infections and help heal wounds
• Makes up 8% of your body’s total mass
PARTS OF BLOOD
• Plasma: liquid part of blood, mostly
water
• Blood Cells: red and white
• Red: carry CO2 from body to lungs
• White: fight bacteria, viruses and other
substances that invade the body
• Platelets: irregular shaped cell
fragments that help clot blood
BLOOD TYPES
Type Can Receive
A
O,A
Can Donate
To
A, AB
B
O, B
B, AB
AB
All
AB
O
O
All
PAGE 632 #1-4
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
• Supply the blood with oxygen in order
for the blood to deliver oxygen to all
parts of the body.
BREATHING VS. RESPIRATION
• Breathing
process of fresh
air (oxygen)
moving into and
stale air moving
out of lungs
• Respiration
• Transport of oxygen
from the outside air to
the cells within tissues,
and the transport of
carbon dioxide in the
opposite direction
• Carbon dioxide is a
waste product of
respiration
ORGANS
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• larynx
• Lungs
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Diaphragm
ORGANS
• Pharynx: tubelike passageway for food and
air
• Larynx: airway to which your vocal cords
are attached
• Trachea: a tube about 12 cm in length.
Lined with mucus to trap dust, bacteria and
pollem
• Bronchi: two short braches at the end of the
trachea, carry air into lungs
HOW YOU BREATHE
• Inhale/Exhale
• Diaphragm: muscle beneath your lungs
that helps move air in and out of your
body
• Contracts and relaxes when you breathe
• Diaphragm exerts or relieves pressure
• Inhale: diaphragm contracts and moves
down
• Exhale: diaphragm relaxes and moves up
BRAIN POP
•
•
•
•
Username: stjlabs
Password: pop
“Respiratory System”
Take quiz
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
• Responsible for the elimination of
wastes produced by homeostasis.
• Undigested materials from digestion
• Carbon dioxide
• Sweat
ELIMINATION
• Undigested material is eliminated by your
digestive system
• Waste gas, carbon dioxide, is eliminated by
the combined efforts of the circulatory
system and respiratory system
• Sweat –excretion of sweat
• If wastes aren't eliminated, you become
sick.
• Toxic substances build up and damage
organs
URINARY SYSTEM
• This system rids the blood of wastes
produced by the metabolism of
nutrients and control blood volume by
removing excess water produced by
body cells
• Bladder, kidneys, nephrons
ORGANS IN URINARY SYSTEM
• Kidneys:
• Nephrons
• Bladder
Define each term / state it’s function
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Function: Process of continuing life on
Earth
• Organisms that carry out sexual
reproduction form eggs and sperm to
transfer genetic information from one
generation to the next
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• External organs
• Penis
• Scrotum
• External location regulates temperature for sperm
production
• Within the scrotum are two testes
• During puberty testes begin to produce male
reproductive cells, sperm and the male sex
hormone, testosterone
• Sperm are single cells with a head and tail,
• The tail moves the sperm
• The head contains genetic information
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Eggs are the reproductive female
cells
• Female baby already has her total
supply of eggs at birth
• When the female reaches puberty,
her eggs start to develop in her
ovaries, the female sex organ
• Most of the female reproductive
organs are internal
SEX CELLS
• 23 chromosomes from father, 23 from
mother
• When sperm fertilizes and egg, it is now
called a zygote.
• The baby develops inside the mother’s
uterus
• Takes a baby 40 weeks (10 months) to fully
develop