Transcript A`S, AB`S B`S CAN GIVE TO

Sex Determination
Worksheet
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
Worksheets
color Blind Test
• A. COLOR-BLINDNESS,
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Recessive trait on the X chromo.
Lack of pigments made in the eye which are for color vision
Most common form is RED/GREEN color blindness
In Caucasian population
8% OF MALES, 1% FEMALES
• B. HEMOPHILIA protein for blood clotting is missing
– Recessive carried on the X chromosome
– 1 IN 10,000 MALE, 1 IN 100,000 FEMALE births
• C. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY There are 9 types
– Recessive carried on the X chromosome
– Protein to keep muscle cells together is missing.
– Starts ages 2-6 and leads to progressive deterioration of muscle
tissues
II. SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predictdisorder/
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A. NON-DISJUNCTION DISORDERS -1 IN 1,000 people are affected by
this with Sex Chromosomes
– Failure of chromosomes to separate evenly during metaphase in
meiosis
B. TURNER SYNDROME
– XO Zygote
– ABSENCE of a 2nd X OR Y. A YO zygote is not viable.
– Person appears to be female
– Sex organs may not be fully developed, STERILE
C. KLEINEFELTER SYNDROME
– XXY, Male in appearance
– Extra fat in chest and hips
– No facial beard
D. SUPERMAN/Jacob Syndrome
– XYY, SLOW MENTAL ABILITY
– AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
– 10% of male prison population
E. SUPERWOMAN
– XXX, LEARNING DISORDERS
– Above average height
Karyotype image of all 23 chromosome pairs
Animation
Learn how to Karyotype/
SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS
• Trait is on a body chromosome
• BALDNESS is expressed differently phenotypically in the sexes.
• BALDNESS is a dominant allele B in men. BB/Bb inheritance can
lead to baldness.
• In woman however it is bb recessive. If she is Bb she is not bald.
Scientists believe though it is probably polygenetic trait, many genes
are needed, not just 1.
Male pattern
Female pattern
PEDIGREE CHART
Worksheets
PEDIGREE CHART DETAILS
http://www.zerobio.com/drag_gr11/pedigree/pedigree_overview.htm
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BLOOD GROUPS
Co-dominant inheritance
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WHICH BLOOD TYPE IS MOST COMMON?
TYPE O
WHICH IS THE NEXT MOST COMMON?
TYPE A
WHICH IS THE RAREST?
TYPE AB
WHICH IS THE 2ND RAREST?
TYPE B
DONORS
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A’S CAN GIVE TO ?
A’S, AB’S
B’S CAN GIVE TO ?
B’S, AB’S
AB’S CAN GIVE TO
AB’S,
• O’S CAN GIVE TO ?
• ANYONE!
• THEY ARE A
UNIVERSAL DONOR
RECEIVERS
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A’S CAN RECEIVE FROM
A’S & O’S
B’S CAN RECEIVE FROM
B’S & O’S
O’S CAN RECEIVE
FROM?
• O’S ONLY!
• AB’S CAN RECEIVE
FROM AB’S, A’S, B’S, &
O’S !
• THEY ARE THE
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS!
II. BLOOD GROUPS-TYPING
Antigen
BLOOD TYPE PUNNETT SQUARE
• BLOOD TYPE ALLELES
• Blood types are Co-dominant
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TYPE O- ii
TYPE A- IA IA ( homozygous) OR IA i (heterozygous)
TYPE B- IB IB (homozygous) OR IB i (heterozygous)
TYPE AB- IA IB Codominant
Rh TYPE
HW online Blood Typing Game
• BLOOD GROUPS ALSO HAVE ANOTHER ANTIGEN (protein on
cells) FOR Rh
• Rh+ ALLELES- Rh+/Rh+ OR Rh+/Rh- Can receive Rh+ or • Rh- ALLELES- Rh-/Rh- Should get only Rh- because produce antiRh if ever given Rh+ blood
• Example If a PREGNANT WOMAN has an Rh+ BABY & SHE IS
Rh- then it could be a problem if the CORD BLOOD MIXES with the
MOM’S
• 2nd pregnancy she COULD produce ANTIBODIES AGAINST the
BABIES BLOOD & CAUSE DEATH of the BABY
IV.
DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISORDERS
PRENATAL SCREENING
• DOWN SYNDROME TRISOMY OF 21ST chromosome
1/ 800 BIRTHS
• AMNIOCENTESIS insertion of a needle to extract
Amniotic fluid from the placenta of the FETUS. Collects
cells from the fetus
– Done in the15-20TH WEEK of pregnancy-4-5th month
– KARYOTYPING of fetal body cells. Analyze number,
size, shape of chromosomes
– RESULTS take several weeks.
DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISORDERS
• CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING Removal of
EMBRYONIC CELLS from the placental membrane of
the fetus at 10-12 weeks (2-3 months of pregnancy)
– RESULTS 1-2 weeks, RISKIER for the mom
(bleeding) or miscarriage of the fetus
• BOTH AMNIOCENTESIS and CVS can detect >100
genetic disorders
CODOMINANCE
Two genes are expressed equally
• ONE gene is not
DOMINANT over the
other gene
• Two dominant genes
Are expressed
• How does this
happen?
JOSEPH KOLREUTER
• Crossed white rr x red RR
carnations
• He got…Rr which were
pink!
• Phenotype was in between
the parents
• He crossed the Rr hybrid F1 and got red, white and
pink combos
• This shows that R is
incompletely dominant over
the r gene
• r does not code for a protein
but R can not compensate
for this so an intermediate
hybrid is created
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• PHENOTYPE
is in between that of
either parents genes