Transcript biotechnology

BIOTECHNOLOGY
SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Earliest form of
biotechnology
• Used in plants and
animal
• Used to produce
desired traits
• TWO TYPES:
1. inbreeding
2. outbreeding
(aka hybridization)
INBREEDING
• Cross organisms with
similar genotypes
• Purpose: Maintain
desirable traits in the
same line of organisms
• Risks: Can cause
undesirable recessive
(rr) traits to be
expressed
(such as deafness, blindness,
joint deformations)
OUTBREEDING
• Cross organisms from different species
(genotypes)
• Called “Hybridization”
• Usually causes sterility
• Conserve endangered species
(Florida Panther
X Texas Cougars)
• Increase strength and vigor
(Examples: mule, liger)
Donkey (x) female horse
Male lion (x) female tiger
* Seed Bank---for crops
Increasing Variation
• Breeders can increase genetic variation among a
population by inducing mutations through the
use of chemicals and radiation.
• Mutations are typically harmful to organisms but
with some luck breeders can produce a mutant
that has inherited a desirable characteristic or trait
that was not found in the original population.
• Example: creation of helpful strands of bacteria
that eat oil or polyploidy plants such as bananas
and citrus fruit.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Technique used to identify or change
genes at the molecular level.
• Many uses such as: determining
paternity, identifying a carrier of a
particular gene for a particular
disorder, etc.
• One technique is Gel Electrophoresis
used to make a pattern called a “DNA
Fingerprint”.
DNA FINGERPRINT: an analysis of
sections of DNA that have little or no known
function in order to identify one individual
from another.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html
Used in a paternity suit:
lane 1 = mother
lane 2 = child
lane 3 = putative
(="possible") father #1
lane 4 = putative father
#2
Notice that the DNA
fingerprints of the two
cats have almost all of
their bands in
common. The
mountain lion, which
is also a feline, has
many bands, but not
as many, in common
as well. The dogs
together have similar
bands, but both are
very different from the
cats.
Cloning
• The creation of an organism that is an
exact genetic copy of another. This
means that every single bit of DNA is
the same between the two (like
identical twins).