Transcript DNA/Genetics Study Guide

DNA/Genetics Study
Guide
Chapter 16- Section 1
Chapter 16- Section 1
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Asexual reproduction is when a single parent
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Three types of asexual reproduction are
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Has offspring identical to the parent
Budding
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Sexual reproduction is when offspring are
formed when
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Genetic information from more than 1 parent
combines
Chapter 16- Section 1
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Female parent produces sex cells called
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The male parent produces sex cells called
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eggs
sperm
A zygote is the first cell after fertilization
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
Meiosis is
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The division of 1 cell (46 chromosomes) into 4
cells (23 chromosomes)
Chapter 16- Section 1
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In humans, meiosis is the division of one cell
(46 chromosomes) into four cells that have
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Genetics information is found in
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genes
Genes are located
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23 chromosomes each
On chromosomes
During fertilization, the egg and sperm
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Each contribute chromosomes to the zygote
Chapter 16- Section 1
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External fertilization is
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An example of external fertilization is
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Clown fish, frogs
Internal fertilization is
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When sperm fertilized the eggs outside of the
female body
Sperm & egg join inside the female body
An example of internal fertilization is
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Most mammals
Chapter 16- Section 1
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All mammals reproduce sexually or
asexually?
EXPLAIN:
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Monotreme: lays eggs/hatch
Marsupial: birth to partially developed live young
Placental mammal: birth to developed live young
DNA/Genetics Study
Guide
Chapter 16- Section 2
Chapter 16- Section 2
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Pollination happens when
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Pollen contains
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Pollen is moved from the anthers to the stigmas
sperm
Explain how fertilization occurs in flowering
plants…After the pollen lands on the stigma
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A tube grows from each pollen grain
Chapter 16- Section 2
Chapter 16- Section 2
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Another word for dormant is
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Inactive
Seeds need water, air, and warm
temperature to sprout
Three structures that asexual plants use are
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Plantlets
Tubers
Runners
DNA/Genetics Study
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DNA/Genetics Packet
DNA/Genetics Packet
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Another name for trait would be
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Name two traits that giraffes have
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Colors / patterns / long necks / long legs
Define gene
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Physical characteristics
A section of DNA on a chromosome that controls
a trait
T / F No two living things that are produced
by sexual reproduction-except identical twinshave exactly the same genes
DNA/Genetics Packet
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What are some traits that make you unique
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Who is credited with the discovery of the
structure of DNA
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Hair color, eye color, straight/curly hair, ear lobes,
height, blood type
James Watson and Francis Crick
The ladder of DNA is made of bases. These
4 bases are represented by the letters: A, T,
G, and C
DNA/Genetics Packet
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Which bases fit together
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A and T fit together
G and C fit together
The difference in the sequences of base pairs
in the genes allow
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The genes to give the cell an almost endless set
of instructions for controlling all the characteristics
of an individual
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Why is the information coded in the DNA of a
giraffe so different from the information in
your cells
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It’s different because the way in which the base
pairs are arranged on the rungs of the DNA
ladder is different in a giraffe than it is in your
body cells
DNA / Genetics Packet
DNA / Genetics Packet
How do organisms inherit
traits?
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From parents to
offspring
Zygote
23 chromosomes and
23 chromosomes
from the mother
The appearance of
each child in the
family results from the
specific combination
of genes
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Pink snapdragons
Roan calves
Completely hiding the
effect of another gene
Capital letters
A gene whose effect
is hidden by another
gene
Lower case letter
No title!
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Purebred
Hybrid
Widow’s peak, rolling
tongue
Freckles, red hair
Mutation
Albino
Sexual Determination
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X and Y
X
X or Y
Y-carrying
Boy- XY
X-carrying
Girl-XX
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X chromosomes
Equal
Y chromosomes
Half
Boys
girls
Stem cell
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Protozoa and bacteria
Design and function
Tissues
Organs and systems
Cells that continually
reproduce themselves
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Marrow
Blood, skin and other
organs
Adult stem cells
They can be found in
a cluster called
blastocyst which is a
developing human
embryo
Why are scientists interested
in stem cells
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Leukemia, lymphoma
Healthy stem cells
Either a patient or a
donor
Multiply and divide
Healthy, disease-free
Blood and immune
Stem cells
Treat and cure
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Diabetes, Alzheimer's
disease and cancer
Embryonic stem cells help
sick and injured?
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Because they are so
flexible- they can
effectively replace the
damaged cells that
cause many diseases
and injury
Where do we get stem cells for
research and medical use?
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Umbilical cord
Person’s body
A microscopic, early
embryo
Fertility treatments
Nucleus
Unfertilized
Divide and multiply
blastocyst
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Somatic cell nuclear
transfer
Why are stem cells in the news
so much?
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Because the cells
come from a
microscopic human
embryo, which is
destroyed when the
stem cells are
extracted
How could stem cells cure
disease?
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Heart
Left with scar tissue
on the heart and often
face long term health
problems
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Produce new heart
muscle cells. These
are transplanted into
the scarred area of
the heart and
regenerate damaged
heart tissue
Solutions?
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Produce new insulin
producing cells.
These cells would be
transplanted into the
patient where they
would produce insulin
inside the body