Transcript Sex-Linked Inheritance

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the tutorial.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Place your keyboard aside. You will navigate with the mouse.
Start from
beginning
Chromosomes
& Karyotypes
Sex-linked
Inheritance
The Guzman
Family
The Jackson
Family
The Chang
Family
BACK
Gregor Mendel
HOME
Mendel discovered the basic patterns of
heredity in the 1800s when he was breeding
pea plants.
Gregor Mendel
BACK
HOME
Mendel discovered the basic patterns of
heredity in the 1800s when he was breeding
pea plants.
Remember that purple flowers were
dominant to white flowers.
DOMINANT
recessive
Gregor Mendel
BACK
HOME
Mendel discovered the basic patterns of
heredity in the 1800s when he was breeding
pea goes
plants.
Which genotype
genotype
inside this square?
Remember that purple Which
flowers
were goes
inside this square?
dominant to white flowers.
PP PCross
p pp
Which
a heterozygous purple flower
with a
PP
P
p
pp
genotype
homozygous recessive white flower.
X
Pp
X
XX
goes inside
this square?
Which genotype goes
inside this square?
X
X
PP Pp pp
pp
X
PXp
PP
Pp
pp
Pp
pp
pp
BACK
Gregor Mendel
HOME
Mendel discovered the basic patterns of heredity
in the 1800s when he was breeding pea plants.
Remember that purple flowers were dominant to
white flowers.
Cross a heterozygous purple flower with a
homozygous recessive white flower.
What is the probability of growing purple
flowered plants?
0%
p
P
p
Pp
pp
correct
p
Pp
pp
25%
50%
75%
100%
BACK
Gregor Mendel
HOME
Mendel discovered the basic patterns of heredity
in the 1800s when he was breeding pea plants.
Remember that purple flowers were dominant to
white flowers.
Cross a heterozygous purple flower with a
homozygous recessive white flower.
What is the probability of growing homozygous
dominant plants?
0%
p
P
p
Pp
pp
correct
p
Pp
pp
25%
50%
75%
100%
Gregor Mendel
BACK
Mendel published his work
in 1866. Even though his
work is still very useful, it
does have some limitations.
Since 1866, scientists have
been busy!
As great as Mendel's work
was, can we determine the
gender of an individual using
Mendel's work?
No
Yes
X
Correct.
My work cannot
Limitations?
predict offspring
What gender.
But my
work was the
limitations?
foundation for others.
HOME
BACK
Chromosomes and Karyotypes
HOME
This karyotype
shows a girl. Let
me teach you
how.
In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). Karyotypes show an
individual's chromosomes. The final pair of chromosomes allows us to
determine the sex of the individual. Click on the karyotype above to reveal the
sex of the individual used to create this karyotype.
BACK
Chromosomes and Karyotypes
HOME
So how do we know which is a female or male karyotype? Find chromosome pair #23. Like any
pair of chromosomes, #23 comes in pairs (one from each parent). If the two chromosomes are
equal sized, the individual has the XX chromosome combination and would be female.
If the two chromosomes of #23 are different sized, the individual has the XY chromosome
combination and would be male.
Click on the female sex chromosomes in the above karyotype.
BACK
Chromosomes and Karyotypes
correct
Click on the male karyotype.
HOME
BACK
Sex Determination
HOME
Knowing that mom has the XX combination and dad has the XY
combination, can we determine the probability of this couple having a
boy or girl? Use the sex chromosomes (as a genotype) and fill in the
Punnett square just like you would perform a genetics problem.
Sex Determination
BACK
correct
What is the probability of the child being born as a boy?
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
HOME
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
HOME
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Y chromosome
X chromosome
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
HOME
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
Here is a normal vein.
Click the vein to continue.
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
HOME
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
When cut, bleeding can occur.
Click the vein to continue.
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
HOME
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
A blood clot forms to stop the bleeding.
Click the vein to continue.
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
HOME
In hemophilia however, the clot is very
weak and doesn’t stop the bleeding.
This disease is caused by a recessive
gene on the X chromosome.
Click the vein to continue.
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Here is a rainbow flag as seen by most
people with normal vision.
Click the flag to continue.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
colorblindness,
HOME
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Here is the same flag as seen by many
people who are color blind.
Click the flag to continue.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
colorblindness,
HOME
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
colorblindness,
and muscular dystrophy.
HOME
Over time, the muscles begin to
weaken and slowly waste away.
Click the weaker bicep muscle to
continue.
BACK
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Some traits and genes are found on
the X or Y chromosome. These traits
are called sex-linked. This means that
not only can we predict whether or
not a person will be healthy, but we
also can predict whether the
individual will be a boy or girl.
Examples of sex-linked traits are:
Hemophilia,
colorblindness,
and muscular dystrophy.
HOME
As the muscles weaken, often the
sufferer becomes wheelchair bound
for the rest of their life. Average life
span is only about 25 years.
BACK
Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
HOME
Since the genes that cause these disorders are usually found on the X
chromosome, we will use the letters XH to abbreviate a dominant
healthy allele on the X chromosome.
BACK
Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Since the genes that cause these disorders are usually found on the X
chromosome, we will use the letters XH to abbreviate a dominant
healthy allele on the X chromosome.
BACK
Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Since the genes that cause these disorders are usually found on the X
chromosome, we will use the letters XH to abbreviate a dominant
healthy allele on the X chromosome.
Therefore Xh will be used to abbreviate a recessive unhealthy allele on
the X chromosome.
BACK
Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Since the genes that cause these disorders are usually found on the X
chromosome, we will use the letters XH to abbreviate a dominant
healthy allele on the X chromosome.
Therefore Xh will be used to abbreviate a recessive unhealthy allele on
the X chromosome.
BACK
Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Since the genes that cause these disorders are usually found on the X
chromosome, we will use the letters XH to abbreviate a dominant
healthy allele on the X chromosome.
Therefore Xh will be used to abbreviate a recessive unhealthy allele on
the X chromosome.
Since most sex-linked disorders are found on the X chromosome, this
tutorial will not address Y-linked problems.
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Men only have two possible
chromosome combinations. If guys are
healthy, they must be XH Y.
HOME
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Men only have two possible
chromosome combinations. If guys are
healthy, they must be XH Y.
XH Y = healthy
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Men only have two possible
chromosome combinations. If guys are
healthy, they must be XH Y.
If a guy has a sex-linked disease, he
must be Xh Y.
XH Y = healthy
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Men only have two possible
chromosome combinations. If guys are
healthy, they must be XH Y.
If a guy has a sex-linked disease, he
must be Xh Y.
XH Y = healthy
Xh Y = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Sex-linked disorders are most commonly
found on the X chromosome. They are
also more common in males because
males only have 1 X chromosome. If a
male’s only X chromosome is damaged,
males do not have a “backup” X
chromosome.
XH Y = healthy
Xh Y = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
HOME
What about my Y
chromosome? If my Y
chromosome is “healthy” and
my X chromosome has a
“disease”, will I be healthy?
Yes
Sex-linked disorders are most commonly
found on the X chromosome. They are
also more common in males because
males only have 1 X chromosome. If a
male’s only X chromosome is damaged,
males do not have a “backup” X
chromosome.
No
XH Y = healthy
Xh Y = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
HOME
What about my Y
chromosome? If my Y
chromosome is “healthy” and
my X chromosome has a
“disease”, will I be healthy?
Actually, no. These disorders are
mostly found on the X
chromosome. So even though
you may have a normal Y
chromosome, it won’t protect
you from these disorders.
XH Y = healthy
Xh Y = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
HOME
What about my Y
chromosome? If my Y
chromosome is “healthy” and
my X chromosome has a
“disease”, will I be healthy?
No
correct
But what about women? Women don’t
have a Y chromosome. Women have
two X chromosomes.
XH Y = healthy
Xh Y = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
Women could have 1 of 3 different
combination of X chromosomes.
HOME
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
If both her X chromosomes have
healthy alleles, she will be healthy.
XH XH = healthy
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
If both her X chromosomes have the
allele for disease, she will have a
disease.
XH XH = healthy
Xh Xh = disease
BACK
Men? Women? Both?
HOME
Key for this tutorial:
XH = Dominant healthy
Xh = recessive disease
But if she is heterozygous, she will be
healthy. Women have a “backup” X
chromosome in case their other has a
recessive disease. This is the reason why
sex-linked diseases in women is very
rare. Men don’t have this advantage.
Girl Power!
XH XH = healthy
XH Xh = healthy
(carrier)
Xh Xh = disease
BACK
The Jackson Family
Three Families
The Guzman Family
HOME
The Chang Family
Here are three families. Each of them has a history of a sex-linked
disorder. They need your help because they hope to have children in the
near future. Click the Guzman Family to start.
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Sufferers of
hemophilia lack a protein that helps their blood
coagulate (clot) when injured. Thus, the person
can lose a lot of blood from very minor injuries.
Click on the vein to continue.
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Sufferers of
hemophilia lack a protein that helps their blood
coagulate (clot) when injured. Thus, the person
can lose a lot of blood from very minor injuries.
Mr. Guzman is a hemophiliac. What is his
genotype?
XH Y
The capital H would
mean he would be
healthy. But the story
says he is a hemophiliac.
Xh Y
Correct. He does not
have a “backup” X
chromosome.
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Sufferers of
hemophilia lack a protein that helps their blood
coagulate (clot) when injured. Thus, the person
can lose a lot of blood from very minor injuries.
Mrs. Guzman is healthy with no family history of
hemophilia. What is her genotype?
XH XH
Mr. Guzman’s
Genotype:
Xh Y
Correct. She must
be homozygous
dominant.
XH Xh
She has “no history of
hemophilia” in her
family. If she has a Xh
that would mean it
runs in her family.
Xh Xh
Capital H is healthy.
Lowercase h is the
disease.
If she was Xh Xh,
then she would
have the disease.
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
So lets fill in the Punnett square below.
Ladies first.
XH XH
Xh Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
XH
XH
HOME
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
continue
XH
Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
XH
Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
XH
XH Xh
Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
XH
XH Xh
Y
XH Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
Now it’s Mr. Guzman’s turn.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
XH Xh
XH
XH Xh
Y
XH Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
There
Now it’s
areMr.
2 squares
Guzman’s
thatturn.
show a
healthy boy. Click on each of them.
XH XH
Xh Y
Xh
XH
XH Xh
XH
XH Xh
Y
XH Y
Healthy boy
XH Y
Healthy boy
BACK
The Guzman Family
HOME
What is the probability of having a
child, boy or girl, with hemophilia?
XH XH
Xh Y
0%
25%
50%
75% 100%
I have good news. Even though
Mr. Guzman has hemophilia, none
of your children will be
hemophiliacs. But there is
something to worry about…
If you have daughters,
they will be carriers of
hemophilia. They can
pass the gene to their
children.
Xh
Y
XH
XH Xh
XH Y
XH
XH Xh
XH Y
BACK
The Guzman Family
Thank you very much
for your help doctor.
HOME
BACK
This information
helps to ease
the stress of
starting a
family.
The Guzman Family
HOME
BACK
The Guzman Family
You’re so very
welcome. Please
excuse me. I have
another family to
meet with.
HOME
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Colorblindness is
the inability to perceive differences between
some of the colors that other people can
distinguish.
Colorblindness
Normal vision
The Jackson Family
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Colorblindness is
the inability to perceive differences between
some of the colors that other people can
distinguish.
Remember that women have two X
chromosomes. Because the disorder is recessive,
a woman needs two recessive alleles to inherit
the disorder.
The Jackson Family
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Colorblindness is
the inability to perceive differences between
some of the colors that other people can
distinguish.
Remember that women have two X
chromosomes. Because the disorder is recessive,
a woman needs two recessive alleles to inherit
the disorder.
The Jackson Family
Mr. Jackson is colorblind. What is his genotype?
XH Y
Mr. Jackson is colorblind
and that’s recessive.
Recessive letters are
lowercase.
Xh Y
Correct. He does not
have a “backup” X
chromosome.
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. Colorblindness is
the inability to perceive differences between
some of the colors that other people can
distinguish.
Remember that women have two X
chromosomes. Because the disorder is recessive,
a woman needs two recessive alleles to inherit
the disorder.
The Jackson Family
Mr. Guzman’s
Genotype:
Xh Y
Mrs. Jackson has normal vision, but her father
was colorblind. Therefore her father passed her a
copy of the colorblind allele. What is her
genotype?
XH XH
But her father was colorblind
and would pass his Xh to her
XH Xh
correct
Xh Xh
If she was this, she
would be colorblind.
BACK
The Jackson Family
So let’s complete their Punnett square.
Xh Y
XH X h
HOME
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
So let’s complete their Punnett square.
Which genotype
goes inside this
square?
XHXH
XHXh
Xh Xh
XH
XHY
Xh Y
XH X h
XhY
Xh
Y
Xh
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
So let’s complete their Punnett square.
Which genotype goes inside this square?
XHXH XHXh XhXh
XHY
XH
Xh Y
XH X h
Xh
Y
XHXh
Xh Y
Xh
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
So let’s complete their Punnett square.
Which genotype
goes inside this
square?
XHXH
XHXh
Xh Xh
Xh Y
XH X h
XHY
XhY
Xh
Y
XH
Xh
XHXh
XhXh
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
So let’s complete their Punnett square.
Which genotype
goes inside this
square?
XHXH
XHXh
XH
Xh
Xh
XHXh
XhXh
Y
XHY
Xh X h
Xh Y
XH X h
XHY
XhY
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Great job. Now let’s analyze the Punnett
square. Click on the genotype of a
colorblind girl.
correct
XH
Xh Y
XH X h
Xh
Y
Xh
Normal vision
XHXh
XhXh
girl
Colorblind girl
Normal vision
Colorblind
XHY
XhY
boy
boy
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
What is the probability of having a child
(boy or girl) with normal vision?
0%
25%
50%
75% 100%
correct
XH
Xh Y
XH X h
Xh
Normal vision
XHXh
Xh
XhXh
Normal vision
Y
XHY
XhY
BACK
The Jackson Family
HOME
Even if your children are
colorblind, there’s really
nothing to worry about.
There’s no negative health
effects.
BACK
The Jackson Family
I may be colorblind, but I
can see my beautiful wife.
Thank you doctor.
HOME
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Muscular Dystrophy is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. The muscles of sufferers
begin to deteriorate at an early age leaving the
individual weakened and largely immobile. Death by
mid-20s is common.
The Chang Family
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Muscular Dystrophy is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. The muscles of sufferers
begin to deteriorate at an early age leaving the
individual weakened and largely immobile. Death by
mid-20s is common.
Mrs. Chang has a history of muscular dystrophy in her
family and as a result they are considering adoption as
an alternative. Because the disorder is recessive, a
woman needs two recessive genes to inherit the
disorder. Can you help?
The Chang Family
The Chang Family
BACK
HOME
Muscular Dystrophy is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. The muscles of sufferers
begin to deteriorate at an early age leaving the
individual weakened and largely immobile. Death by
mid-20s is common.
Mrs. Chang has a history of muscular dystrophy in her
family and as a result they are considering adoption as
an alternative. Because the disorder is recessive, a
woman needs two recessive genes to inherit the
disorder. Can you help?
Mr. Chang is healthy with no history of muscular
dystrophy. What is his genotype?
The Chang Family
XH Y
Correct. XH means he would
be healthy.
Xh Y
The story says Mr. Chang is
healthy. If he was XhY he would
have the disease.
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Muscular Dystrophy is a sex-linked recessive disorder
found on the X chromosome. The muscles of sufferers
begin to deteriorate at an early age leaving the
individual weakened and largely immobile. Death by
mid-20s is common.
Mrs. Chang has a history of muscular dystrophy in her
family and as a result they are considering adoption as
an alternative. Because the disorder is recessive, a
woman needs two recessive genes to inherit the
disorder. Can you help?
Mrs. Chang is healthy even though she carries the
recessive allele for muscular dystrophy. What is her
genotype?
Mr. Chang
XH Y
XH XH
The story says she
is a “carrier”
XH Xh
correct
Xh Xh
If she was this, she
wouldn’t be healthy.
BACK
The Chang Family
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
Mr. Chang
XH Y
HOME
BACK
The Chang Family
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH Xh
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Mr. Chang
HOME
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
XH Y
Xh
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH
XH XH XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Y
Xh
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Lets complete their Punnett Square.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
What is the probability the Chang’s have a child with
muscular dystrophy?
0%
25%
50%
75% 100%
correct
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Xh Y
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Click the square below that would lead to a child with
muscular dystrophy.
Mrs. Chang
XH X h
correct
XH
Mr. Chang
XH Y
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
You have an important
decision to make.
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
You have a 25% of having
a boy inherit this disease.
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
If that happens, he will
not likely live past his
20’s.
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
But there is a 75%
chance that every
child will be fine.
Correct?
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
That’s correct. However, I
wanted you to know the
probability.
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
BACK
The Chang Family
HOME
Thank you doctor.
We will discuss this
information and
perhaps consider
adoption.
XH
Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
Y XH Y
Muscular
Xh Y
dystrophy
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Conclusion
This is different from my pea
plant experiments. The genes
to give pea plants their color
and texture are not found on
the sex chromosomes.
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Conclusion
It turns out that the pea plant
characteristics I studied are
found on nonsex
chromosomes, or autosomes.
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Conclusion
Only genes and traits
that can be found on
the X or Y chromosome
are called sex-linked.
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Conclusion
Most of these disorders are
recessive, which means that
women are less likely to suffer
from the disorder because
woman has a “backup” X
chromosome.
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The End
End
Tutorial