化石與活化石進化論的再思

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Transcript 化石與活化石進化論的再思

化石與活化石
進化論的再思
TV Interview in 1960’s
"The first point to make about
Darwin's theory is that it is no
longer a theory, but a fact”
Julian Huxley
「倘使能證明有任何複雜器
官不是經過無數的,連續的
,輕微的變異而形成,那末
我的學說就要完全破產」
達爾文 ﹣物種起源(第6章)
Eocene Ant 螞蟻
始新世: 五千五百萬年前
Cretaceous Dragonfly
白堊紀:一億四千四百萬年前的蜻蜓化石
活蜻蜓
活的
化石
Cockroaches
蟑螂
Upper Triassic Cockroach fossil
三疊紀:二億四千八萬年前的蟑螂
Centipede 蜈蚣
320 million years
Cretaceous Shrimps
白堊紀: 一億四千四百萬年前的蝦子
Shrimp in Jurassic period
株羅紀: 二億一千萬年前的蝦子
Horseshoe crab
Horseshoe crab
可追溯到三億年前
Sea urchins
海膽
Urchins (Pennsylvanian)
三億二千萬年前的 海膽
新笠螺
三億五千萬年
Slitsnail
可追溯到五億四千萬年前
Nautilus (Mollusk)
鸚鵡螺
Devonian shell
四億年前泥盆紀化石
Devonian and live Brittle Star
四億年前泥盆紀海星與今日海星
海星
Ordovician starfish
可追溯到奧陶紀:四億九千二萬年前
Crinoidea 海百合
可追溯到寒武紀:五億四千萬年前
• About 700 living
species are known,
mainly from deep
waters, especially near
Japan. They existed
since the Paleozoic
Era 古生代 (from 540
million years ago).
Eocene Sunfish
始新世:五千五百萬年前的太陽魚
Sunfish
Bearsden Shark
330 million years old
Alligatorellus
upper Jurassic
American Alligator
Sassafras (Eocene) 黃樟
始新世:五千五百萬年前
Magnolia 木蘭 (Eocene)
銀杏
二億一千萬年前的銀杏
Isoetes and Jurassic Fossil
水韭與二億年前的化石
Fern羊齒類(Pennsylvanian)
三億二千萬年前的化石
The Fossil Record
– Systematic Similarity and Stasis
– Systematic Abrupt Appearance
– Systematic Gaps and Missing Links
如何從魚類
變成兩棲類?
Coelacanth fossil
可追溯到寒武紀:四億年前
Coelacanth
腔棘魚
Coelacanth Special Features
腔棘魚特徵
Archaeopteryx (late Jurassic)
始祖鳥 (一億五千萬年)
Cretaceous Bird
白堊紀: 一億四千四百萬年前的遼寧鳥
夫子鳥
一億四千七百萬年前鳥
寒武紀生物大爆炸
現有動物共三十七門
寒武紀已發現動物有五十門
其中有三十四門現在仍生存
物種的全群忽然發展起來
,如果是真的話,對與我
的觀點將會是致命傷
達爾文 ﹣物種起源(第11章)
「自然選擇僅能藉著輕微的
,連續的,有利的變異之累
積而發生作用。所以它不能
產生巨大的或突然的變化」
達爾文 ﹣物種起源(第15章)
“Evolution is very possibly not,
in actual fact, always gradual.”
R. Dawkins, Oxford University
River out of Eden, 1995
Punctuated Equilibrium
間斷平衡論
Stephen Jay Gould
Harvard University
間斷平衡
Horizontal Gene Transfer
• Genes of a primitive life form (e.g.
bacterium) may be absent in lower life
forms (e.g. invertebrate) but is present in
higher life forms (vertebrae)
• Not all the Genetic material of a higher life
form is obtained from its apparent closely
related ancestors
長頸鹿
長頸鹿的進化
• No record for graduate change.
• Mutation that led to long neck must also
produce long legs for stability;
• And special vessels in the legs to prevent
pooling of the blood and bleeding;
• And a strong heart to pump the blood all the
way up to its head;
Giraffe’s Heart
長頸鹿的進化
• And blood vessels with sensors and valves
to regulate blood flow when the head is
lowed to drink;
• And extra large lung due to extra long
tracheae;
• And special esophagus;
• And special birth delivery scheme;
• And strong kicks for defense
Mutation Towards Species
• Usually detrimental - produced by random
perturbations to a functioning life form
• Not necessarily produce a higher life form
• To satisfy the above conditions is hard, but
there must be two such almost identical
random mutations - one in each sex, must
occur at the same place, must occur at the
same time, both must survive to maturity
Irreducible Complexity
鞭毛結構
Random Chance?
Intelligent Design?
錶與錶匠
我受造奇妙可畏 ,
你的作為奇妙 ,
這是我心深知道的。
詩篇139:14
神說水要多多滋生有生命的物,要有
雀鳥飛在地面以上,天空之中。神就
造出大魚和水中所滋生各樣有生命的
動物,各從其類。又造出各樣鳥飛,
各從其類,神看著是好的。神就賜福
給這一切,說,滋生繁多,充滿海中
的水,雀鳥也要多生在地上。有晚上
,有早晨,是第五日。
創世記 1:20-23