Transcript Are All Dogs the Same? - Illinois State University Websites

Are All Dogs the Same?
Dog Genome Project
• Wayne & Ostrander 2007
• Why dogs?
– Important species:
• Lots of phylogenic diversity
• Relatively known course of development
– Can divide into segregated phenotypes that
correlate with breeds
Ontogeny of social behavior in Canids
• Domestication results in both physical and behavioral changes
• Physical changes include:
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Larger size variation: dwarf and giant
Piebald coat color
Reproductive cycle changes
Changes in hair, shortened tails, floppy ears
• Social changes:
– Lack of development of fear to humans
– Exhibiting play behavior in adulthood
– Prolonged juvenile period
Several close relatives
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Phenotypically divergent taxa (animals)
Wolf
Fox
South-American canids (most close to current
dogs genetically)
• Current dogs most close relative: Grey wolf
• Line of canids may go back as far as 50 million
years
• Current “dogs” about 150,000 years
Modern breeds
• Closed gene pools
• Real breeding began in Victorian era
– Selective breed breeding began
– Huge phylogenic diversity
• Result: loss of much of genetic diversity
– More diversity across breeds
– But less overall genetic diversity with other close
relatives
– In way: Breeds are becoming different “species”
Organization of modern breeds
• Distinct evolutionary hierarchy
• Four primary groups
• Most divergent of these groups = nine ancient breeds from Artic,
Asia, Africa, Middle East
• May be 5th “mountain dog” cluster
• Most modern breeds = European
– Share single exclusive common ancestor
– Show little phylogenetic structure
– This indicates recent origin and limited interbreed hybridization
Why is this so important
• Discovery of new disease genes
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Metabolic and endocrine disorders
Blindness
Cancer
Deafness
Hip dysplasia
Osteoarthritis
• Give distinct clues for human genetics and
treatments of humans as well as dogs
What about behavior
• Just beginning to investigate behavior of dogs
across breeds
– Examine how breed and behavior correlate
– Examine how behavior disorders interact with
breed
• OCD, separation anxiety, etc.
The C-BARQ
• James Hsu and his colleagues at the Center for the Interaction of
Animals and Society of the University of Pennsylvania [35], [36].
• The C-BARQ®: Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research
Questionnaire
• Designed to provide dog owners and professionals with
standardized evaluations of canine temperament and behavior.
• Undergone extensive testing to establish reliability and validity
using large samples of many dog breeds
• The questions asked of dog owners target behavioral traits,
aggression and general temperament of the dogs.
C-BARQ subscales
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5 main subscales:
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Aggression
Fear/anxiety
excitability
separation-related behavior
Attachment
Other subscales include
– stranger-directed behavior
– owner directed behavior
– object-directed behavior.
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Additional items on the questionnaire evaluate trainability
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Also a subset of 21 items that appear to predict canine behavior but do not load
on the main 5 subscales.
C-BARQ
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101 items that ask owners to indicate how their dogs have responded “in the
recent past” to a variety of environmental events and stimuli.
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Owners use a series of 0–4 rating scales.
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The wording of individual rating scales differs depending on the questions.
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For example,
– owners may be asked to note the frequency of a behavior (0 = never, 1 = seldom, 2 =
sometimes, 3 = usually, and 4 = always)
– quality of the behavior (0 = no signs of the behavior, 1–3 =mild to moderate signs of the
behavior, and 4 = severe signs of the behavior).
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A brief explanation is included for the qualitative items (e.g., “Typical signs of
moderate aggression in dogs include barking, growling, and baring teeth. More
serious aggression generally involves snapping, lunging, biting, or attempting to
bite”.
Genetics of deaf dogs:
Australian Shepherds
Genetics of Deaf Dogs: Solid x Solid
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Male Red Factored black dog
• Carries one gene for black (which shows)
• Carries one gene for red (hidden)
• Is Bb :(phenotypically black, but heterozygous)
• Female Solid Red dog is bb
• Pups can only get b gene from her
• Homozygous in genotype and phenotype
• Resulting litter of puppies should be half red and half black
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All of the blacks will be red factored
Impossible to get a merle pup.
Merle x Solid
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Male Blue Merle Dog
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One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M)
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Each pup gets one or the other
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Female Solid Black
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No merle gene: is mm
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Only give pups solid color gene
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Half the pups will be merle, half will be solid
Merle x Merle
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Male Red Merle Dog
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One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M)
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Each pup gets one or the other
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Female Red Merle Dog
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One merle (M) gene, one solid gene (M)
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Each pup gets one or the other
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Double merle pups now show up: 1 in 4 or about 25%
Farmer-Dougan, et al.
• Study of deaf/blind vs. typical dogs
• Used the C-BARQ survey instrument
– Added questions on age, breed, deafness or other disability, and
training
• Online survey
– International
– Owners of 183 congenitally deaf/blind dogs
• 98 congenitally deaf/hearing impaired
• 32 congenitally blind/low vision dogs
• 53 congenitally deaf/blind dogs
– 277 dogs with no disability
How categorize data?
• collapsed into 4 hierarchical grouping defined by
distinct genetic units:
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Ancient/Asian,
Herding,
Hunting
Mastiff.
• These groupings are based on their finding that dog
breeds express specific phenotypic traits and vary in
behavior and the incidence of genetic disease that may
be categorized based upon genomic-wide scans linking
breeds within a group.
How analyze data?
• A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted
on the data using the 5 breed categories and
disabled/typical categorization as the independent
variables.
• The dependent variables included in the analysis included
– age
– the 5 scales of the C-BARQ (aggression, anxiety, separation
anxiety, excitement, and attachment)
– the 20 miscellaneous subscales (e.g., chases cats, stares at
invisible objects) that do not load on the 5 major factors but do
appear to be related to behavioral differences across dogs
Demographic Data
Table 2. Demographic data from survey. Data represent the percentage of respondents each
category of age and the dog’s role in the home.
Age:
6 mos-1 yr
1 to 3 yrs
3 to 5 yrs
5 to 7 yrs
7 to 9 yrs
9 to 11 yrs
Older than 11 yrs
Deaf/Blind
Typical
0.08
0.25
0.19
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.14
0.21
0.15
0.16
0.11
0.21
Deaf/Blind
Typical
0.97
0.01
0.02
0.97
0.01
0.02
Dog’s role in home:
Family pet
Working dog
Therapy dog
Groupings of Dogs
Results
Table 4. Means and standard errors for deaf/blind and typical dogs for each of the 24 miscellaneous
categories.
Deaf Dog
Behavior category
Chases cats
Chases birds
Chases rabbits
Rolls in feces
Eats feces
Chews inappropriate objects
Inappropriate mounting
Inappropriate begging
Stealing
Refuses stairs
Pulls hard on leash
Urinates on objects
Urinates when approached
Urinates when left alone
Defecates when left alone
Highly active
Stares at invisible objects
Snaps at invisible objects
Chases own tail
Chases Shadows
Barks excessively
Excessive licking of self
Excessive licking of people
Other repetitive behavior
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Typical dog
Mean
s.e.
Mean
s.e.
p<
1.31
1.15
1.49
.105
.097
.116
1.70
1.38
2.23
.091
.083
.094
.072
.230
.000*
.68
.76
1.02
.14
1.04
.75
.49
.96
.19
.03
.27
.23
.73
1.80
1.82
.71
.28
.32
.42
.70
.51
.081
.082
.087
.037
.087
.082
.078
.078
.045
.017
.048
.047
.072
.087
.092
.081
.060
.063
.072
.072
.067
1.08
.92
.60
.19
1.28
.89
.51
1.16
.15
.06
.24
.19
.49
1.52
1.54
.38
.15
.17
.10
.63
.56
.069
.069
.051
.034
.074
.065
.066
.067
.030
.020
.042
.035
.051
.070
.075
.046
.031
.031
.026
.057
.056
.003*
.012*
.006*
.461
.425
.909
.957
.932
.144
.763
.635
.828
.334
.281
.083
.122
.120
.046*
.003*
.586
.911
Conclusions
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data clearly demonstrate that deaf/blind dogs as a group is highly trainable are
less likely to show increased aggression, separation anxiety, and excitability or
attachment issues.
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Indeed, the current data set suggests that these dogs are less aggressive and less
excitable than hearing/seeing dogs.
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It is hoped, then, that the present data set
– will alter the advice provided by veterinarians, animal behaviorists, or others who may counsel
owners and breeders of deaf, blind or deaf/blind dogs; and
– provide the necessary scientific evidence to alter the position of the AKC and breed specific
groups which promotes euthanasia of these dogs.
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In place of a euthanasia policy, it is hoped that the AKC and related organizations
would emphasize adoption of these dogs, and alter their policy to allow deaf, blind
or deaf/blind dogs to enter obedience, rally obedience and agility competitions
just as they have allowed mixed breed dogs in the agility and obedience ring. To do
otherwise is discriminatory, unscientific, and unethical.