Transcript Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

MCB 720: Molecular Biology
•Biotechnology terminology
•Common hosts in biotechnology research
•Transcription & Translation
•Prokaryotic gene organization & expression
Terminology
• Molecular biology-The study of biology on a molecular level
including the structure, function, and makeup of biologically
important molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
• Recombinant DNA technology-a set of techniques for
manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of
genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the
production of large quantities of gene product
• Genetic engineering-the process of transferring DNA from one
organism into another that results in a genetic modification
• Biotechnology-production of goods and services using
biological organisms, systems, and processes
• Molecular biotechnology-rDNA technology + biotechnology
Selected developments in the history of
molecular biology/biotechnology
1944-Avery, MacLeod & McCarty determine DNA is the genetic material
1953-Watson & Crick determine the structure of DNA
1970-First restriction endonuclease isolated
1973-Boyer & Cohen establish recombinant DNA technology
1976-DNA sequencing techniques developed
1980-U.S. Supreme Court rules genetically modified microorganisms can be patented
1981-First DNA synthesizers sold
1988-PCR method published
1990-Human genome project initiated
1996-Complete DNA sequence of a eukaryote (yeast) determined
1997-Nuclear cloning of a mammal (a sheep named Dolly)
2000-Arabidopsis genome sequenced
2001-Human genome sequenced
2002-Complete human gene microarrays (gene chips) available
2009-FDA approves first drug produced in a genetically engineered animal (a goat)
Many scientific disciplines contribute to
molecular biotechnology, which generates a
wide range of commercial products
Common host organisms used
in molecular biotechnology
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E. coli
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Insect cell lines
Plant cell lines
Animal cell lines
Review protein secretion and protein targeting
• Signal peptide sequences
• Consider gram negative
vs. gram positive bacteria
• Consider eukaryotic cells
• In eukaryotic cells, short
peptide sequences (or
other modifications) tell a
protein where to go
• See MCB Chapter 5Protein sorting
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Central Dogma of Biology
DNA
transcription
RNA
reverse
transcription
DNA
replication
translation
Protein
$$$
Molecular
Biotechnology
Chemical structure of DNA & RNA
Chemical structure of dsDNA
Chemical structure of dsDNA
Prokaryotic gene expression
Prokaryotic gene expression
• Alternatively, see:
• http://www.whfreeman
.com/lodish4e/con_ind
ex.htm?99anm
In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the 10 and -35 regions of the promoter relative to
the start site of transcription (+1)
promoter
operator