Transcript SFMG_part1 - ucbiotech.org

How Genetics Affects What Plants
We Grow and How We Grow Them
Peggy G. Lemaux
Cooperative Extension
Specialist
UC Berkeley
CELLS
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Dividing cell
Chromosomes
Chromosome
Genes
How is a new plant
variety created by
classical breeding?
Triticum aestivum
Triticum monococcum
Modern bread variety Ancient variety
Chemical units represented by alphabetic letters
of wheat
Random
retention of
information
from each
parent
Yield Increase by year
wheat
Used for
MarkerAssisted
Breeding
Genomics
1700 books
(or 1.7 million pages)
Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) uses
marker-assisted breeding and biotechnology to
develop African maize varieties
SOURCE: “Body announces plan to develop drought-tolerant maize for Africa”, April 1, 2008, Checkbiotech.org
http://www.checkbiotech.org/green_News_Genetics.aspx?infoId=17403
Genetic Engineering Methods
Inserts
randomly
in
genome
equivalent to a gene
TERMS USED
GMO
GEO
LMO
rDNA
Genetically Modified Organism
Genetically Engineered Organism
Living Modified Organism
Recombinant DNA
Biotechnology
Classical
Breeding
compared to
Genetic
Engineering
Uses plant machinery in plant
Uses plant machinery in laboratory
Gene exchange is random
involving entire genome
Gene exchange is specific,
single or a few genes
When/where genes expressed
not controlled by breeder
When/where gene expressed
can be controlled precisely
Only between closely related or
within species
Source of gene from any
organism
GE Corn
GE Canola
73% of 2007 acreage
75% of 2004 acreage
(Insect Resistant: 25% Herbicide resistant: 21% Stacked gene: 15%)
1% of corn with Bt (ECB) + Bt (rootworm) + herbicide
GE Alfalfa
~1.5% of 2007 acreage
GE Soybean
GE Cotton
91% of 2007 acreage
87% of 2007 acreage
(Herbicide resistant: 89%)
(Insect Resistant: 18% Herbicide resistant: 26% Stacked gene: 39%)
SOURCE: NCFAP; USDA
SOURCE: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:
Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares)
140
282 million acres worldwide: comparable in size to combined areas of CA and TX
120
100
80
60
Total
Industrial
Developing
40
20
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
23 industrial and developing countries in order of acreage: US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India,
China, Paraguay, South Africa, Uruguay, Philippines, Australia, Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Chile,
France, Honduras, Czech Republic, Portugal, Germany, Slovakia. Romania, Poland.
Source: Clive James, 2008
Estimated 75% of Processed Foods
Have GE Ingredients
Only a few whole foods
on the market are
genetically engineered
GE Papaya
GE Sweet Corn
GE Squash
WHAT’S IN THE
PIPELINE?
Arcadia Biosciences develops canola that
uses 50% less nitrogen fertilizer
SOURCE: http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/agnet/2007/4-2007/agnet_april_10.htm#story0
Engineered drought tolerance leads to
vigorous growth of plants after prolonged
drought while control plants died
SOURCE: Rivero, R.M., Kojima, M., Gepstein, A., Sakakibara, H., Mittler, R., Gepstein, S. and Blumwald, E. 2007. Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in
a flowering plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 19631-19636.
Mitigating food allergies,
like peanut, soy and
wheat, through
engineering of plants
Genetically engineered pollen reduces
allergy symptoms in sufferers
SOURCE: Niederberger et al., 2004. Vaccination with genetically engineered allergens prevents
progression of allergic disease. PNAS early edition (August 13, 2004)
“Production of specific vaccines
for lymphoma in tobacco”
SOURCE: PNAS 96:703-708, McCormick, et al.
Genetic engineering used to improve
breakdown of global wastepaper glut
SOURCE: Fierobe et al. 2005. Action of Designer Cellulosomes on Homogeneous Versus Complex Substrates:
CONTROLLED INCORPORATION OF THREE DISTINCT ENZYMES INTO A DEFINED TRIFUNCTIONAL SCAFFOLDIN.
J. Biol. Chem. 280:16325-16334.
Engineered poplar removes environmental
pollutants through roots and air
Removal of carbon tetrachloride
SOURCE: Doty, S.L., James, C.A., Moore, A.L., Vajzovic, A., Singleton, G.L., Ma, C., Khan, Z., Xi, G., Kang, J.W., Park, J.Y., Meilan, R., Strauss, S.H., Wilkerson, J., Farin, F. and
Strand. S.E. 2007. Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:16816-16821.
ENERGY FARMS
Green algae have a switch that can change
metabolic processes and produce hydrogen gas potentially providing a renewable, clean fuel source
Photo cou rtesy of Michael Barnes, Senior W riter, University of Calif ornia Of fice of the Presi dent
What is the U.S. regulatory
process that governs these
engineered plants?
U.S. Regulatory Agencies
(based oversight on existing regulations)
USDA
• Field testing
-Permits
-Notifications
• Determination of
non-regulated
status
FDA
• Food safety
• Feed safety
EPA
• Pesticidal plants
-tolerance exemption
-registrations
• Herbicide registration
Safety of engineered food:
Is it as safe as a conventional food?
Concept of substantial equivalence:
Modified food has essentially all characteristics of
nonmodified food with respect to food and feed value
except
for the introduced genetic material and the products
made from it. These products have to be tested and
analyzed separately. Regulators look at, for example,
specificity and mode of action of protein, source of
protein, its stability during digestion and processing
SOURCE: Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Aproaches to Assessing
Unintended Health Effects 2004. Natl Acad Press
Substantial
Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional
similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops
“…apart from targeted changes, these GM potatoes in this
study appear substantially equivalent to traditional cultivars.”
SOURCE: Catchpole et al. 2005. Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105: 14458-14462.
Precautionary principle
The assumption that experimentation should only proceed where there is a
guarantee that the outcome will not be harmful.