Transcript 2/14 - Utexas

Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120
(bring cheat sheet)
Review Th 2/15 at 5pm
in GRG 102
haploid
X 23
in humans
X 23
in humans
diploid
X 23
in humans
Inheritance = The interaction between genes
inherited from Mom and Dad.
Inheritance of blood types
Mom = AB
Gametes:
A or B
A or B
Dad
A or B
A AA
Mom or
B AB
Dad = AB
AB
BB
Chance of each
phenotype for
each offspring
25% AA
50% AB
25% BB
Genotype
Phenotype
Genes code for
proteins (or RNA).
These gene
products give rise
to traits…
It is rarely this
simple.
CB 14.6
Human
Chromosomes
X/Y chromosomes in humans
CB 15.9
CB 15.10
Sex-linked traits: Genes on the X chromosome
A= normal ; a= colorblind
No one affected,
female carriers
50% of males
affected, 50 %
female carriers
50% affected,
female carriers
an Animal Cell
Mitochondria
CB 6.9
Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of
mitochondria and chloroplasts from freeliving bacteria to cellular organelles
CB 26.13
Mitochondria have
their own DNA.
CB 47.6
Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.
mitochondria
CB 13.5
Mom provides
50.000275% and
Dad provides
49.999825% of
DNA to offspring.
… because Mom
provides 100% of
mitochondrial DNA
Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother
mitochondria
CB 47.6
Mitochondrial DNA comparisons
can be used to trace ancestry:
How are we related, and where did we come
from?
When did these migrations take place?
Non-Coding DNA is
used for comparisons
between individuals
As DNA is passed on mutations take place
The mutation rate in
human mtDNA is one
nucleotide change per
20,000 years.
OR
A difference of one
nucleotide between two
people indicates a
common relative 10,000
years ago.
Fig 4
When did these migrations take place?
Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional
hypothesis
“Out of Africa”
hypothesis
Relationships of different populations using
mtDNA
~150,000ya
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1
Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional
hypothesis
“Out of Africa”
hypothesis
Relationships
of different
people using
mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
Relationships
of different
people using
mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
Relationships
of different
people using
mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
Relationships of different
people using mtDNA.
From Science v298
12/20/02 pg 2381
•93-95% of genetic
variation within
population.
•3-5% of genetic
variation occurs
between
populations.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
There is no genetic definition of race.
Exam #1 F 2/16 in WCH 1.120
(bring cheat sheet)
Review Th 2/15 at 5pm
in GRG 102
(bonus info not covered in class During the Bolshevik revolution, the
Tsar’s family was captured and
and will not be on the exam)
executed.
Tsar’s Family
(bonus info not covered in class
and will not be on the exam)
There are many stories about what
happened to their youngest daughter
Anastasia
Tsar’s Family
(bonus info not
covered in class and
will not be on the
exam)
(bonus info not covered in class
and will not be on the exam)
Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but
tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal
relatives did not match.
(bonus info not covered in class
and will not be on the exam)
For more info check out:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia
Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes