Transcript Study Guide for AHSGE Biology Edition

Study Guide for AHSGE
Biology Edition
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 1
Select appropriate laboratory glassware,
balances, time measuring equipment,
and optical instruments to conduct an
experiment.
By: Desaree Jackson
Laboratory Equipment
Identify and State the Uses of
Common Lab Tools
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Lab Tool: BALANCE
TYPES:
1.) Triple Beam Balance
2.) Equal Arm Balance
USE:
To measure mass in SI.
Unit of Measurement:
Kilograms (kg) or grams
(g)
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: Beaker
USE:
As a container, like a cup.
Unit of Measurement:
Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
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Lab Tool: BUNSEN BURNER
USE:
To heat chemicals and
solutions in beakers or
test tubes.
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Lab Tool: Cork
USE:
To close test tubes.
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Lab Tool: Cover Slip
USE:
Covers specimen on
microscope slide.
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Lab Tool: DISSECTING PROBE
USE:
As a pointer or to hold
objects.
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Lab Tool: DROPPER
USE:
To transfer small
amounts of liquid.
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Lab Tool: ERLENMEYER FLASK
USES:
As a cup,
like
a cup with a
narrow neck.
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Lab Tool: FORCEPS
USE:
Used to pick
up and hold
objects in lab
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Lab Tool: FUNNEL
USE:
To hold filter
paper
or guiding small
amounts of liquid
in pouring.
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Lab Tool:
GRADUATED CYLINDER
USE:
To measure volume.
Unit of Measurement:
Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
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Lab Tool: HOT PLATE
USE:
To warm or heat objects
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Lab Tool: INNOCULATING LOOP
USES:
To spread and place
bacterial specimen on
agar.
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Lab Tools:
IRON RING
&
RING STAND
USE:
To fasten to the ring stand as a support for items.
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Lab Tool: METER STICK
USE:
To measure distance in
SI.
Unit of Measurement:
Meter (m)
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Lab Tool: MICROSCOPE
USE:
To observe small specimens
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Lab Tool:
MORTAR & PESTLE
USE:
To grind chemicals into a powder.
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Lab Tool: PETRI DISH
USE:
Used to grow
and hold
bacterial
specimen.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: PIPETTE
USE:
To transfer small
amounts of
in a titration.
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Lab Tool: SCALPEL
USE:
To cut items.
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Lab Tool: SLIDE
USE:
To hold specimen being studied under a microscope.
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Lab Tool: SPATULA
USE:
To transfer solid
chemicals in weighing
like a spoon.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STIRRING ROD
USES:
To stir combinations
of fluids and to use
in pouring liquids.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STOPPER
USE:
To close and contain
items in a test tube.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STRIKER
USE:
To ignite the Bunsen burner and start a
flame.
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Lab Tool: TEST TUBE
USES:
Many uses
such as a
container.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE CLAMP
USES:
To hold apparatus, may be fastened to
the ring stand.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE BRUSH
USES:
Cleans glass items
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE HOLDER
USES:
Holds test
tubes
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool:
TEST
TUBE
RACK
USES:
Holds test tubes.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: THERMOMETER
USES:
To measure
temperature.
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Lab Tool: TONGS
USE:
to pick up and
hold hot
items.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: WIRE GAUZE
USES:
To spread the heat of a flame and hold
items.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: WATCH GLASS
USES:
As a beaker
cover or in
evaporating
small amounts
of liquids.
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 2
Describe cell processes necessary for
achieving homeostasis, including active
and passive transport, osmosis,
diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis.
By: Desaree Jackson
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant
internal environment.
 Sweating is one way
the body tries to
achieve homeostasis.
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By: Desaree Jackson
Cellular Transport
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Passive transport: requires no energy
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Diffusion: compounds move from high to low
concentration
Osmosis: diffusion of water
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Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell so
the cell swells up
Hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of the cell so
the cell shrivels up
Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water into or
out of the cell
Active transport: requires energy
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Endocytosis: large compound are brought into the cell
Exocytosis: large compounds are exported out of the
cell
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Passive Transport vs. Active
Transport
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Diffusion
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By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 3
Identify reactants and products
associated with photosynthesis and
cellular respiration, and the purposes of
these two processes.
By: Desaree Jackson
Photosynthesis
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Process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make
their own food (glucose)
Glucose is a simple sugar
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some
bacteria
Chloroplasts have a green pigment called chlorophyll
Steps of photosynthesis
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1. Light reaction: chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight
2. Dark reaction: The energy from the sunlight is used to make
glucose
Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy
(glucose)
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + O2
By: Desaree Jackson
Cellular Respiration
Process that breaks down glucose in
order to make energy for an organism
 ATP: compound that stores energy in an
organism
 Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
 Two types of cellular respiration
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Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen to
occur
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Mostly happens in animals and plants
By: Desaree Jackson
Graphic Organizer
Photosynthesis
Plants
* use sunlight to make glucose
* take in carbon dioxide
* give off oxygen
*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight 
glucose + oxygen
*6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy 
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
Animals and plants
* eat plants to get glucose
* take in oxygen
* give off carbon dioxide
*glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water +
ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +
chemical energy
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 4
Describe similarities and
differences of cell organelles, using
diagrams and tables.
By: Desaree Jackson
Cells General Info
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A cell is the smallest unit that is alive and can carry on
all the processes of life
Cells make up organisms (living things)
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Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells
Cells contain organelles, which are specialized
compartments that carry out a specific function
Types of cells
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Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant
cells
Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Bacterial cells
Smaller and simpler than plant
or animal cells
Bacteria are unicellular
No nucleus
Have a single closed loop of
DNA, cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm and ribosomes
Some have a capsule (shell for
protection), pili (short hair like
structures to hold onto host
cells), and flagella (whip like
structure for movement)
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Organelles
Organelle= “little
organ”
 Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
 All the stuff in
between the
organelles is cytosol
 Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
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By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Membrane
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Boundary of the cell
 Made of a phospholipid bilayer
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Nucleus
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Control center of the
cell
Contains DNA
Surrounded by a
double membrane
Usually the easiest
organelle to see
under a microscope
Usually one per cell
By: Desaree Jackson
Cytoskeleton
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Acts as skeleton
and muscle
 Provides shape and
structure
 Helps move
organelles around
the cell
 Made of three types
of filaments
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Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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A.k.a. “ER”
Connected to
nuclear membrane
Highway of the cell
Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it
makes proteins
Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes
lipids
By: Desaree Jackson
Ribosome
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Site of protein
synthesis
 Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol
 Produced in a part of
the nucleus called
the nucleolus
That looks familiar…what is a
polypeptide?
By: Desaree Jackson
Golgi Apparatus
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Looks like a stack of
plates
 Stores, modifies and
packages proteins
 Molecules
transported to and
from the Golgi by
means of vesicles
By: Desaree Jackson
Lysosomes
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Garbage disposal
of the cell
Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down
wastes
Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?
By: Desaree Jackson
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the
cell”
 Cellular respiration
occurs here to
release energy for
the cell to use
 Bound by a double
membrane
 Has its own strand of
DNA
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By: Desaree Jackson
Chloroplast
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Found only in plant
cells
Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose)
production
Bound by a double
membrane
Site of
Photosynthesis
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Wall

Found in plant and
bacterial cells
 Rigid, protective
barrier
 Located outside of
the cell membrane
 Made of cellulose
(fiber)
By: Desaree Jackson
Vacuoles
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Large central
vacuole usually in
plant cells
 Many smaller
vacuoles in animal
cells
 Storage container for
water, food,
enzymes, wastes,
pigments, etc.
What type of microscope may have
been used to take this picture?
By: Desaree Jackson
Centriole
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Aids in cell division
 Usually found only in
animal cells
 Made of
microtubules
Where else have we talked
about microtubules?
By: Desaree Jackson
Quick Review
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Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
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Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
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Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
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Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
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What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 9
Differentiate between the previous
five-kingdom and current sixkingdom classification systems.
By: Desaree Jackson
Taxonomy
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Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things
Organisms are organized into 7 different levels of taxonomy (King
Philip came over for good spaghetti)
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1. Kingdom – most broad
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species – most specific
Closely related organisms have more levels of taxonomy in
common than unrelated organisms
By: Desaree Jackson
Kingdoms
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There are six kingdoms of living things
(Archie eats pretty fantastic apple pies)
1. Archaebacteria: bacteria that live in
extreme environments
 2. Eubacteria: common bacteria
 3. Protista: Single-celled organisms
 4. Fungi: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds
 5. Animalia: animals
 6. Plantae: plants
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By: Desaree Jackson
Kingdoms
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Every organism has a unique two-word
scientific name that is written in Latin
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The first word is the genus, the second word is the
species (Humans are Homo sapiens)
Some scientists prefer to organize organisms
into domains rather than kingdoms
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There are three domains (Archie eats eels)
1. Archaea: Bacteria that live in extreme
environments
2. Eubacteria: Common bacteria
3. Eukarya: Organisms whose DNA is in a nucleus
By: Desaree Jackson
Archaebacteria- extreme
Plants
Eubacteria- food
Animals
Fungi
Protists
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 6
Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, organisms, populations,
communities, and ecosystems as levels
of organization in the biosphere.
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Levels of biologic organization
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Starting at the simplest level, atoms are organized into
molecules, which are organized into cells. Cells are organized
into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into body systems, and
body systems into individual Multicellular organisms. A group of
individuals of the same species is a population. Populations of
different species interact to form communities. A community and
it abiotic environment are an ecosystem, while all communities of
organisms on Earth comprise the biosphere. Ecologists study the
highest levels of biological organization: individual organisms,
populations, communities/ecosystems, and the biosphere.
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 6
Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic
divisions during reproduction,
growth, and repair of cells.
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell
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1. M phase: Mitosis (cell division) occurs
2. G1 phase: Cell grows
3. S phase: DNA synthesis (chromosomes are
copied)
4. G2 phase: Cell grows
5. M phase begins again
Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis
so that new cells receive the same
chromosomes found in the old cells
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Mitosis
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Division of a cell into 2 identical cells
Before mitosis: Chromosomes have copied
themselves
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Sister chromatids: original chromosome and its exact
copy are attached to each other
Phases of mitosis
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1. Prophase: Nuclear membrane falls apart and
spindle fibers start to form
2. Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up along the
middle of the spindle fibers
3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell
4. Telophase: Spindle fibers break down and new
nuclear membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Meiosis
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Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as
sperm and egg cells
Fertilization: Process of an egg and a sperm cell
combining to produce a zygote
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Zygote: Baby that is only 1 cell big
Egg cell (23 chromosomes) + sperm cell (23 chromosomes) =
baby (46 chromosomes)
Steps in meiosis
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1. Before meiosis:
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2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a
chromosome pair
Each chromosome doubles
This gives 4 chromosomes stuck together
2. Meiosis I: Chromosome pairs separate into two new cells
3. Meiosis II: Each chromosome separates from its copy into 4
new cells
In meiosis, one cell becomes four cells but in mitosis,
one cell becomes two cells
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 7
Apply Mendel’s Laws to determine
phenotype and genotypic
probabilities of offspring produced
By: Desaree Jackson
Mendelian Genetics
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Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk credited with beginning the study of
genetics
 Genetics is the study of heredity
 Humans have 2 genes for every trait
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Dominant gene: “Stronger” of 2 genes and shows up in the organism
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Represented by a lowercase letter
b is the recessive gene for blue eyes
Homozygous (purebred): When 2 genes are alike for a trait
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Represented by a capital letter
B is the dominant gene for brown eyes
Recessive gene: “Weaker” of 2 genes and only shows up when there is
no dominant gene present
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Alleles: Different forms of a single trait, like blue and brown are two eye color
alleles
BB is homozygous for brown eyes, bb is homozygous for blue eyes
Heterozygous (hybrid): When 2 genes are different for a trait
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Bb is heterozygous
By: Desaree Jackson
Mendel’s Laws
Mendel’s law of segregation states that the 2
genes we have for each trait get separated
from one another when we make egg and
sperm cells
 Mendel’s law of independent assortment
states that the gene for one trait is inherited
independently of the genes for other traits
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Only true when the genes are on different
chromosomes
By: Desaree Jackson
Punnett Squares
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Punnett squares are charts
that are used to show the
possible gene combinations
in a cross between 2
organisms
* Let’s say that B is the
dominant gene for brown
eyes and b is the recessive
gene for blue eyes*
Genotype: The genes of an
organism (Bb)
Phenotype: The physical
appearance of an organism
(Brown eyes)
Parents
Bbxbb
B
b
Bb
bb
Bb
bb
Offspring phenotype
50% Brown eyes
50% blue eyes
b
b
Parents
BbxBb
B
b
BB
Bb
B
Bb
b
By: Desaree Jackson
Offspring genotype
50% Bb
50% bb
bb
Offspring genotype
25% BB
50% Bb
25% bb
Offspring phenotype
75% Brown eyes
25% blue eyes
Human Genetics
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Multiple alleles are three or more alleles that exist for a single gene
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For example, A, B, and O are the multiple alleles for blood type
The possible blood types are A, B, AB, and O
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Codominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and
both genes are seen in the organism
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AB blood is codominant, a cat with black and white spots is codominant
Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are
expressed and blended together in the organism
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You can be A+ or A-, B+ or B-, AB+ or AB-, O+ or O- depending on
whether your blood cells have a special Rh protein
If the red flower color gene (R) is mixed with the white flower color gene
(W) then the offspring will be pink (RW)
A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one pair of
genes, like skin color
A sex-linked trait is a trait that is found on the X chromosome, such
as colorblindness
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Females are XX so have 2 copies of sex-linked traits
Males are XY so have 1 copy of sex-linked traits
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 8
Identify the structure and functions
of DNA, RNA, and proteins
By: Desaree Jackson
DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the
nucleus
A chromosome is a chain of different genes
DNA has a double helix shape
Has four types of bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T),
cytosine (C)
A binds T
and
G binds C
DNA is complementary, which means that the bases on one strand
match up to the bases on the other strand
 For example: Strand 1: ATG CCT GAC
Strand 2: TAC GGA CTG
Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies
itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1
new strand
By: Desaree Jackson
DNA
RNA
By: Desaree Jackson
RNA
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Ribonucleic acid
 RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the
cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to
stay alive
 RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U)
rather than thymine (T)
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U binds A
If the DNA is
and
G binds C
ATG CCA AAG
Then the RNA will be
UAC GGU UUC
By: Desaree Jackson
Using DNA to make protein
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1. Transcription: DNA in the nucleus is used
to make messenger RNA (mRNA)
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2. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm
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DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live
RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell
3. Translation: The RNA attaches to a
ribosome and directs the production of a
protein
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Proteins do all the work in the cell
Every 3 bases in RNA is called a codon and codes
for 1 amino acid
By: Desaree Jackson
Transcription
By: Desaree Jackson
Mutations
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A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome
If the mutation happens in a body cell, it only affects the organism that
carries it
If the mutation happens in a sex cell, it can be passed on to offspring
Mutations can be
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harmful if they reduce an organism’s chances for reproduction or survival
helpful if they improve an organism’s chances for survival
neutral if they do not produce an obvious changes in an organism
lethal if they result in the immediate death of an organism
Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by a mutagen, which
is a factor in the environment like UV and chemicals
By: Desaree Jackson
Mutations
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By: Desaree Jackson
“Bully whippets,” as the
heavyset dogs are known,
turn out to have a genetic
mutation that enhances
muscle development … The
scientists found that the same
mutation that pumps up some
whippets makes others
among the fastest dogs on
the track.
Scientists also discovered
that with these mutations,
whippets are able to nip your
ankle 4 times faster and twice
as hard.
Standard 10
Distinguish between monocots, dicots,
angiosperms and
gymnosperms,
and vascular and nonvascular plants.
By: Desaree Jackson
NonVascular Plants
Does not have vascular tissue or true
roots, leaves, or stems
 reproduction and survival depend on
water. They MUST live in moist
environments.
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examples:
mosses
 liverwarts
 Hornwarts
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By: Desaree Jackson
Vascular Plants
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Have roots, stems, leaves & vascular tissue.
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Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that
transports food/water
 Vascular refers to veins
 Xylem: transports water and minerals
 Phloem: transports food/nutrients
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Not all plants have vascular tissue
Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla
By: Desaree Jackson
Vascular Plants
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have vascular system, but don’t produce seeds
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ex: fern
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Leaves= fronds
Produce spores
3 divisions
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Lycophyta – Club mosses
Arthrophyta- horsetails
Pterophyta- ferns
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2 types of Vascular plants
 Gymnosperms (4 phyla)
 Angiosperms (1 large phylum)
By: Desaree Jackson
Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)
Seeds are not
protected by a fruit
 Examples:
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Ginko biloba
Conifers—plants
with seeds inside
cones and needlelike leaves
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Pines, firs, cedars,
redwoods
By: Desaree Jackson
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
 Seeds are protected by
fruit
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Produce fruits with 1 or
more seeds
Fruit—ripened ovary of
flower
Fruit aid in seed
dispersal
Examples: maple trees,
apple trees, wildflowers,
herbs, azaleas, grass,
oak trees, poplar trees
By: Desaree Jackson
Two types of angiosperms
By: Desaree Jackson
Flower Structure
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant adaptations to living on
land:
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cuticles—waxy coating
on the outside of plant
that prevents water loss
 Leaves—broad flat
structures (usually) that
trap light energy for
photosynthesis
 Roots—structures that
allow plants to obtain
water/nutrients from
soil
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant adaptations
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Stem- plant organ that
provides support for growth
and food storage.
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spores and seeds—
structures that keep
reproductive cells from
drying out
Xylem- transports
water & dissolved
substances
Phloem—transports
dissolved sugar
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Tissues
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Stomata
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Controls the
exchange of
gases
Helps control
water loss.
Guard Cells
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Control the
opening &
closing of the
stomata
By: Desaree Jackson
Flower Structure
Flowers are reproductive structures for
angiosperms
 Produce fruit and seeds
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By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
Petal
Structure: leaf like, usually
colorful structures at top of
stem
Function: attract
pollinators
Sepal
S: leaf like, usually
green structure that
encircle flower stem
below petal
F: to protect
developing flower
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
Pistil
S: located at center of
flower, top of stem
F: female reproductive part
Style—the “stalk” that
supports stigma
Stigma—top of style;
sticky or hairy structure
that traps pollen grains
Ovary—enlarged base of pistil;
contains one egg
Stigma
Style
Petal
Ovary
Sepal
Receptacle
Peduncle
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
Anther
Stigma
Stamen
Filament
Style
Petal
Stamen
Ovary
Sepal
Receptacle
Peduncle
By: Desaree Jackson
S: located inside of
petals
F: male reproductive
part
Anther—top
part of stamen,
produces pollen
Filament—
“stalk” that
Standard 11
Classify animals according to type of
skeletal structure, method of fertilization
(internal/ external) and reproduction
(sexual or asexual), body
symmetry
(asymmetrical, radial, bilateral), body
coverings, and locomotion.
By: Desaree Jackson
Distinguish between vertebrates and
invertebrates = skeletal structure
Porifera
Sponges
Cnidarians
Stingers
Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Annelida
Segmented
Worms
Mollusca
Shelled
animals
Echinodermata Starfish
By: Desaree Jackson
Vertebrates
Agnatha
Sea-lamprey
Chondrichthyes Sharks & rays
Osteoicthyes
Bony fish
Amphibia
Frogs & toads
Reptilia
Aves
Turtles,
snakes, lizards
Birds
Chordates
Mammals
By: Desaree Jackson
Internal vs. External Fertilization

Characteristics of external fertilization
include
large numbers of eggs/ sperm produced
 little parental care
 chance of offspring survival is low,


Internal fertilization
few offspring produced
 more parental care
 greater chance of survival

By: Desaree Jackson
Compare asexual reproduction and
sexual reproduction

Asexual--: only one individual involved in producing
offspring





fission, Budding, Regeneration
fewer variations produced among offspring
animal examples--sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms,
worm phyla
Sexual—separate male and female individuals that
produce

sex cells




sex cells unit to form zygote
produce greater variations among offspring
Animal examples include most higher invertebrates and
vertebrates
By: Desaree Jackson
Compare radial and bilateral
symmetry

Radial body parts arranged like spokes of a
wheel from a central axis




oral and aboral sides; not head or tail ends
Animal examples are starfish, jellyfish,
sea anemone
Bilateral—body parts arranged in left and right
mirror image halves



definite head end and tail end
top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) sides
Animal examples include flatworms,
roundworms,segmented worms, arthropods,
vertebrates
By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to body
covering
scales (fish and chrondrichthyes,
reptiles)
 moist skin (amphibians)
 feathers (birds)
 hair (mammals)

By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to type of
locomotion
fins for swimming
 legs for land dwellings animals
 wings for flight

By: Desaree Jackson
Be able to classify animals
according to body temperature

Endothermic or
warm-blooded/
constant body
temperature (birds &
mammals) or

Exothermic or coldblooded/ body
temperature near the
temperature of their
surroundings (all
other animals)
By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to means
of respiration
covered gills = bony fishes;
 open gills = sharks and rays;
 gills (young), moist skin, & lungs =
amphibians; lungs =reptiles, birds &
mammals

By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 12
Describe protective adaptations of
animals, including mimicry, camouflage,
beak type, migration, and hibernation.
By: Desaree Jackson
Mimicry
Mimicry is the ability of one species to
resemble or copy from another species
(mimicking them). Why: It provides
protection.
 Camouflage is blending in with the
surroundings.

By: Desaree Jackson
Adaptations
1. These are direct evidence of evolution
because they show firsthand the way
populations of species have evolved in
order to better adapt to their environment
Structural adaptations—claws, beaks, wings
 Physiological adaptations—resistance to
substances after constant exposure

By: Desaree Jackson
2. Migration
Immigration: movement of individuals
INTO a population
 Emigration: movement of individuals
OUT of a population
 Brings in new genes/alleles through
gene flow
 Gene flow: process of genes moving
from one population to another

By: Desaree Jackson
Migration vs. Hibernation

Migration is the instinctive, seasonal
movement

Hibernation is when the body processes
slow down tremendously (b/c of winter);
estivation is the same except animals do
this in response to heat (desert
temperatures)
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 13
Trace the flow of energy as it decreases
through the trophic levels from producers to the
quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and
energy pyramids.
By: Desaree Jackson
There are different feeding groups of
organisms
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own
food, like plants and some bacteria
 Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make
their own food, like

Herbivores: Eat plants
 Carnivores: Eat meat
 Omnivores: Eat plants and meat

By: Desaree Jackson
There are different factors is an
ecosystem
Abiotic factors are nonliving things
 Biotic factors are living things, such as

Producers: Organisms that take in energy from
their surroundings to make their own food
 Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms
for energy
 Decomposers: Special type of consumer that
eats waste products and dead organisms for
energy

By: Desaree Jackson
Food Chains

There are different trophic levels in a food chain









Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food



A trophic level is a feeding level in an ecosystem
A food chain is a lineup of organisms that shows who eats who
1st trophic level is usually a producer
2nd trophic level is a primary consumer
3rd trophic level is a secondary consumer
4th trophic level is a tertiary consumer
and so on
Last trophic level is a decomposer
So energy is transferred from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd trophic
level and so on (but some of this energy does get lost along the way)
Energy pyramid: Picture showing how much energy is transferred to
the different trophic levels in a food chain
A food web is a network of connected food chains
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 14
Trace biochemical cycles through
the environment, including water,
carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
By: Desaree Jackson
The nitrogen cycle



Nitrogen in the
atmosphere is taken in by
bacteria that live in plant
roots
The nitrogen is passed
onto the plants and any
animals that eat the plants
Once the plant or animal
has died, decomposers
(bacteria) again take up
the nitrogen in the dead
material and send it back
to the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
The Water Cycle

Precipitation, such as
rain and snow, fall to the
earth
 The water either


seeps into the ground
for plants to use and
the plants give off
excess water back to
the atmosphere
or runs off the land to
lower-lying bodies of
water where it
evaporates back into
the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
The oxygen-carbon cycle


Carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere is taken in by
plants who use it during
photosynthesis and release
oxygen back into the
atmosphere
Oxygen in the atmosphere
is taken in by animals and
plants who use it during
respiration and release
carbon dioxide back into
the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 15
Identify biomes based on
environmental factors and native
organisms.
By: Desaree Jackson
Biome
Desert
Water
Almost none
Temperature
hot or cold
Soil
poor
Chaparral/
Scrub
dry summer, rainy
winter
hot summer, cool
winter
poor
Tundra
dry
cold
permafrost (frozen
soil)
Taiga/
Coniferous Forest
Temperate
Deciduous
Forest
adequate
cool year-round
Plants
Animals
sparse - succulents
(like cactus),
sage brush
sparse - insects,
arachnids,
reptiles and
birds (often
nocturnal)
shrubs, some
woodland
(like scrub
oak)
drought and fireadapted
animals
lichens and mosses
migrating animals
conifers
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids,
etc.
fertile soil
deciduous trees
many mammals,
birds,
reptiles,
insects,
arachnids,
etc.
many mammals,
birds, insects,
arachnids,
etc.
many animals
poor, rocky soil
adequate
cool season and
warm season
Savanna/
Grassland/
Prairie, Steppe,
Pampas
wet season, dry
season
warm to hot (often
with a cold
season)
fertile soil
grasses (few or no
trees)
Tropical Rain
Forest
very wet
always warm
poor, thin soil
many plants
By: Desaree Jackson
Know two aquatic biomes
Marine—oceans and seas
 Freshwater --creeks, streams, rivers and
lakes
 Know rainfall amounts and temperature
ranges
 Know native organisms—plants &
animals

By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 16
Identify density-dependent and densityindependent limiting factors that affect
populations in an ecosystem.
By: Desaree Jackson
Ecosystem




Ecosystem defined as natural unit consisting of all
plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in
an area functioning together with all the non-living
physical factors (abiotic factors)of the environment.
Abiotic factors include soil, atmosphere, heat and light
from the sun, water
Biotic factors include living organisms
A population = group of organisms of the same
species that live in a particular area.

The number of organisms in a population changes over time
because of the following: births, deaths, immigration,and
emigration
By: Desaree Jackson
Limiting Factors


Limiting factors are things that can help populations grow, or
others that can slow down and even prevent populations from
growing.
Density-dependent factors that limit population growth are food
water, light, space, predators, More prey, more predators, as prey
decreases, so does the number of predators;



Disease (since disease is contagious, greater the population, greater
impact of disease);
Parasitism (like diseases, since parasites spread easier in a highdensity host, impact depends on the density
Abiotic factors that are density-independent factors


include such things as natural disasters like weather storms, fires,
earthquakes, or floods.
Any abiotic factor can have a severe impact on population sizes
regardless of density
By: Desaree Jackson