Transcript File - Mr Addington

Period 4.2
Andrew Jackson
The Bloody Deeds of a Common Man
The Troubled Presidency of John
Quincy Adams
• James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him.
• Intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional
• Nearly loses election of 1824
• Did lose his re-election
• A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy
JQA
• Diplomat
• Potentially one of our best foreign
policy minds
• President
• Sought to modernize the American
economy and promoted education.
Adams enacted a part of his agenda
and paid off much of the national debt.
• Lack of Congressional Support
• Representative
• Staunch advocate of Abolition
• Predicted the Dissolution of the Union
The End of the “Era of Good
Feelings”
• There were sharp divisions over
how to achieve national greatness
• Elite nonpartisan statesmanship
would soon give way to a more
contentious democratic process
• Not such a good feeling: Jackson
feels slighted by the recount of JQA
in the House…
• Here Henry Clay, who came in with
another ‘compromise’ is seen sewing
Jackson’s mouth shut. 
Andrew Jackson
Bloody Deeds of the Common Man
The Corrupt Bargain
• 1824 election, no outright
majority was attained and the
process required resolution in the
House of Representative, whose
Speaker and candidate in his own
right, Henry Clay, gave his support
to John Quincy Adams, and was
then selected to be his Secretary
of State.
Death of our Founders
• On the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence friends
and founders John Adams (90) and Thomas Jefferson (82) both took
their last breath.
• Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were the last surviving members of the
original American revolutionaries who had stood up to the British empire
and forged a new political system in the former colonies
Final
Divorce
Decree
The Election of 1828
•
Jackson’s campaign was engineered by
Senator Martin Van Buren of NY
• He wanted to recreate the old
Jeffersonian coalition of:
• Northern farmers and artisans.
• Southern slave owners.
• Farmers with small land
holdings.
• He created the Democratic Party
from the remains of Jefferson’s old
party:
• Created a national committee
that oversaw local and state
party units.
• Mass meetings, parades,
picnics.
• A lot of political mudslinging on
both sides.
Who Jackson Was…
•
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, &
special privilege.
•
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
•
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon
achievements.
President Jackson
• First western President
• First person to serve as a U.S.
Representative, Senator, and
President.
• First nominated at a party convention
• Second without a degree
• First “Common” Man
• The Best Inaugural Party!
• Project Ja-X?
The Spoils System
• To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy
• William Marcy of NY
The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
Petticoat Affair (1830-31)
• Jackson appointed Eaton as his Secretary of
War, hoping to limit the rumors, but the
scandal intensified. Jackson felt political
opponents, especially those around Calhoun,
were feeding the controversy.
• The controversy finally resulted in the
resignation of almost all members of the
Cabinet over a period of weeks in the spring
of 1831.
“I [would] rather have live vermin on my back
than the tongue of one of these Washington
women on my reputation.”
-Martin Van Buren
The Kitchen Cabinet
• A term used by political opponents of President of the United States
Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he
consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet following his purge
of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice
President John C. Calhoun in 1831
Jackson v Calhoun
• John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton
Affair and Tariff of 1828
• Tariff of Abomination
• Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina
and defends slavery and state’s rights.
• Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff
were not lowered.
• Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or
each state had the right to decide whether to obey a
federal law or to declare it null and void
Webster v Hayne Debate
“A Proxy War” on the nature of the nullification
• Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts
• Webster attacked the
idea that any state could
defy laws or leave the
Union
• Robert Hayne of South
Carolina
• Hayne argued that the
states had the right to
nullify federal laws
believed to be
unconstitutional
Who do you think Andrew Jackson sided with?
Jackson v Calhoun
• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving
the president authority to take military action in South
Carolina
• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC
stating that nullification and disunion were treason
• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff.
Read American Spirit 273-275 &
Nation of Nations 307-309
• In a T-Chart compare arguments of South Carolina and Jackson
• What justification was given for the act of Nullification?
• How was the state to implement nullification?
• Which was given precedence: obedience to the state or to
the nation?
• Did this ordinance leave an opening for compromise? If so,
how?
• Why did Jackson believe that the interpretation of the
Constitution as a state compact was incorrect? How did his
perspective affect his view of secession?
• Which branch of the national government did he indicate was
the ultimate expression of the people’s will? How does that
help explain why he wielded the powers of his office as he
did?
The Nullification Crisis
•
•
•
•
•
Henry Clay writes the •
Compromise of 1833
Tariffs were gradually •
lowered---25% over 10
years
South Carolina dropped
nullification
South lost its dominance
to North and West
Jackson preserved the
Union
Southerners believed
they were becoming a
permanent minority
As that feeling of
isolation grew, it was not
nullification but the
threat of secession that
ultimately became the
South’s primary weapon.
A lot better than when Jackson said he would “crush SC” and any
other state that tried to join them.
Indigenous
Interactions
•
•
•
•
Creek Campaign
Seminole Wars
“Children of the Forest”
Indian Removal
Cherokee Nation
• Sequoya, Major Ridge, John Ross, Samuel Worcester, Worcester v
Georgia.
• PBS American Experience: We Shall Remain, Ep 3.
• Cherokees v Andrew Jackson article
Indian Removal Act - 1830
• The act authorized him to negotiate with the Indians in the South for
their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River.
• While Native American removal was, in theory, supposed to be
voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on leaders.
• The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states
were eager to gain access to the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes.
• In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a
contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
• Just one mark of
“success” in the
removal process.
• A 22 section treaty.
• Section 1: Perpetual
Peace and Friendship
• Section 22: A permanent
Choctaw delegate on the
floor of the U.S. House of
Representatives.
Resistance to Removal: 1831-32
Cherokee v. Georgia
-Tribe sued Georgia
-Are Cherokees a foreign
nation?
-“Domestic dependent
nations”
- Case not heard, no
jurisdiction…
Worcester v. Georgia
-Rev. Samuel Worcester
-GA arrested him
-Sued GA, won in Court
-States lack power on res
Indian Removal
The Trail of Tears typically
refers to the final removal of
Cherokee in 1838.
• More than 4,000 Died
along the way.
• In the Cherokee language,
the event is called Nu na
da ul tsun yi—“the Place
Where They Cried”.
• It Does Happen. We’ll try and revisit it
later…
Trail of Tears
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallr
emain/
The Bank War
• http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/andrew-jackson-shuts-down-second-bank-of-the-us
• http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/andrew-jackson/videos/jackson-censured-in-bankwar
A Political Cartoon: “King Andrew”?
• Who is the subject
• What is the apparent issue
• What are the objects/symbols
• What are the labels
• What is the message
Election of 1832
• Clay was the
unquestioned leader of
the National Republicans,
but he was vulnerable to
Jacksonian allegations
that he associated with
the upper class.
• At a time when white
males without property
had the right to vote and
wanted someone more like
themselves.
• He only carries 49
electoral votes
A New Party : WHIGS!
• Both the Whigs and Jacksonian Democrats were born out of
Jeffersonian Republicanism… But,
• The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew
Jackson as "a dangerous man on horseback" with a "reactionary
opposition" to the forces of social, economic and moral
modernization.
• The National Republicans who formed the Whig party, led by Henry
Clay, John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, and Future President,
William Henry Harrison
SPOILER ALERT
The Whigs nominated a war hero in
1840—and emphasized that WHH had
given up the high life to live in a log
cabin on the frontier. He Won
Positions on the Key Issues of the
Early 30s
WHIGS
DEMOCRATS
• Natural Harmony of Society and •
•
•
•
•
•
The Value of Community
Opposed “liberal capitalism”
because they believed it would
lead to economic chaos.
Strong national govt. to
coordinate the expanding
economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank
•
•
•
•
•
•
Liberty of the Individual and Down with
Privilege
Believed that bankers, merchants, and
speculators were “non-producers” Govt.
should have a hands-off approach to
the economy to allow the little guy a
chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for internal
improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
Paying off the Debt
• In January 1835, Jackson paid off the entire national debt, the only
time in U.S. history that has been accomplished.
• President Andrew Jackson nearly eliminated the debt, calling it a
"national curse." Jackson railed against borrowing, spending and even
banks, for that matter, and he tried to eliminate all federal debt. By
January 1, 1835, under Jackson, the debt was just $33,733.
• A severe depression from 1837 to 1844 caused a tenfold increase in
national debt within its first year.
• Panic of 1837: Under President Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s 2nd VP)
Debt Facts
• The U.S. national debt on January 1st, 1791 was just $75 million dollars.
Today, the U.S. national debt rises by that amount about once an hour.
• When World War II ended, the debt equaled 122 percent of GDP (GDP is a
measure of the entire economy). In the 1950s and 1960s the economy grew
at an average rate of 4.3 percent a year and the debt gradually declined to 38
percent of GDP in 1970.
• Currently about 75%
• Since 1938, the national debt has increased at an average annual rate of 8.5
percent.
• The only exceptions to the constant annual increase over the last 62 years were
Clinton and Johnson- the national debt still existed under both presidents. During
the Clinton Presidency, debt growth was zero during the surplus. Johnson averaged
3 percent growth of debt for the six years he served.
Debt Facts
• When Ronald Reagan took office, the U.S. national debt was just
under $1 trillion. When he left office it was $2.6 trillion. During
the eight Regan years, the US moved from being the world's
largest international creditor to the largest debtor nation.
• The U.S. national debt has more than doubled since the year
2000
• Under President Bush: at the end of calendar year 2000, the
debt stood at $5.629 trillion. Eight years later, the federal
debt stood at $9.986 trillion.
• Under President Obama: The debt started at $9.986 trillion
and escalated to $13.7 trillion, a 38 percent increase over two
years.
• Our current Debt to GDP ratio is approximately 73%
The Simple…
This is deficit… If your nation continually runs deficit, then you have debt
The $20
• Does Andrew Jackson deserve to be on the $20 bill?