Transcript Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Ultrasound Measurements

Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations
 National
Pork Producers Council (NPPC)
 National
Pork Board (NPB)
 U.S.
Meat Export Federation (USMEF)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Pork Producers Council
 National
Swine Growers Council - voluntary
organization organized in mid 1950s
 Name
changed to National Pork Producers
Council (NPPC) in 1964
 Voluntary
market deduction - checkoff
 1966
NHF articles - “Blueprint for Decision”
 1968
- 16 state associations organized
 “Nickels
for Profit” - nationwide checkoff
program
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Pork Producers Council
 Largest
 44
commodity organization in the U.S.
state associations - 85,000 members
 Producer-run
organization - grassroots
involvement
 Headquartered
 Branch
in Des Moines, IA
office in Washington, D.C.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Pork Board (NPB)
 15
members appointed by Secretary of
Agriculture
 Set
national checkoff rate and determine % of
funds returned to state producer organizations
 Collect,
distribute, and account for all checkoff
funds
 Develop
budgets, award contracts, evaluate all
checkoff-funded programs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Legislative Pork Checkoff
 Approved
by Congress in December 1985
 Purpose
is to provide funds for pork promotion,
research, consumer information
 All
producers and importers of pork products
contribute portion of sales
 Current
checkoff rate is 0.45% of value
 Referendum
 Mandatory
vote - September 2000
checkoff was defeated
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
NPPC & NPB
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
6
U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF)
 Works
with nation’s meat and livestock industry to
identify and develop overseas markets for U.S. beef,
pork, and lamb
 Based
in Denver, Colorado
 International
offices - Tokyo, Singapore, Hamburg,
Hong Kong, Taipei, Osaka, Mexico City, Shanghai,
Seoul, Moscow, Beirut
 Works
to increase meat exports by creating visibility
of demand for U.S. meat products
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF)
 National
testing organization - 35 years
 Representatives
of all facets of the industry producers, universities, seedstock companies
 Guidelines
for Uniform Swine Improvement
Programs
 Real-time
ultrasound certification
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Purpose of NSIF
 Uniform
 Develop
testing procedures
individual testing programs
 Cooperation
 Education
among segments of the industry
programs for the industry
 Confidence
in performance testing
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
History -- Where have we been?
1950s -- Fat-Type Hog
1960s -- Meat-Type Hog
1970s -- Large Framed,
Flat Muscled Hog
1980s -- Wide Bodied, Fast
Growing Hog
1990s -- Lean-Type Hog
2000s -- Lean-Type Hog with
Quality Emphasis????
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Early Attempts to Evaluate Genetics -- 1950s-1960s
 Live
animal shows - carcass contests
 Meat
type hog standards
 Certification
program - PR litters Certified Meat Sires
 Backfat
probe
 Central
testing stations
 Genetically
correlated problems with
selection for meat type hogs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Certification Standards -- 1953
 Must

meet P.R. requirements - 8 pigs weaned
Litter weight at 56 days (Sows - 320#, Gilts - 275#)
 Weigh
200 lbs. In 180 days
 Weigh
between 180 – 230 lbs. At slaughter
 Three
weight categories
Live weight
Length
Backfat
Loineye
180 – 199
28.5 – 31.5
1.1 – 1.6
3.50
200 – 214
29.0 – 32.0
1.2 – 1.7
3.75
215 – 230
29.5 – 32.5
1.3 – 1.8
4.00
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Seedstock Production: 1960s -1970s
 Seedstock
industry dominated by
purebred breeders






Each farm had only one breed
Individual breed identity
Few crossbreds sold
Production sales
Shows and carcass contests
Central testing stations
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Pork Production: 1960s - 1970s
 Large
number of small diversified operations
 Rotational
crossbreeding systems
 Most
time spent breeding sows, grinding feed,
loading hogs, etc.
 Numerous
packer buying stations
 Little
grade and yield, contracting
 Little
attention to meat quality
 Seedstock
industry dominated by purebred breeders
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Industry Transition: 1980s - 1990s

Larger and fewer production units

Intensive management - specialization

Terminal crossbreeding systems

Technology - AI, SEW, nutrition, etc.

Plant delivery of hogs

Corporate breeding companies

On farm testing - BLUP technology

Environmental concerns

Production shift away from Cornbelt
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Industry in 2010
 Continued



consolidation of production systems
Vertical integration and coordination
Lower profit margins

Especially throughout 2008 – 2009
Loss of producer equity
 Consumer-driven


industry
Continued focus on consumer food demand
Increased interest in consumer interest in animal welfare
and environment


Emergence of welfare and environmentally based marketing of
pork to producers.
More organic, antibiotic free, etc. programs because consumers
want them
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Industry in 2010
 Emphasis

on feed efficiency and growth rate
Importance of throughput in grow – finish
 Continued
move to wean - to – finish for grow – finish
facilities
 Continued
 Focus
emphasis on lean
on carcass size ultimately impacting primal cut
size

Improves throughput of the packing secgtor
 Emphasis
on meat and eating quality
 Supply
of genetics dominated by breeding companies
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Enhancements to Genetic Evaluation
 Computer
 Larger,
technology
intensive seedstock
production units
 Data
management systems
 Artificial
insemination - connectedness
 Real-Time
ultrasound - accuracy of evaluation
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Products of Seedstock Suppliers
 Genetics
- genetic merit of the pigs
 System
- terminal crossbreeding system,
specialized lines, etc.
 Service
- recommendations, consultation,
records, etc.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Structure of the Seedstock Industry
 Independent
 Corporate
seedstock producers
breeding companies
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Independent Seedstock Producers
 Purebred
 Herd
based, most have 2+ breeds
size varies, multipliers, networks
 Purebred
& F1 boars, F1 & 3-way cross gilts
 Extensive
on-farm testing - individual records
 Genetic
variation - breed is one large herd
through national testing program - STAGES
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Berkshire
 One
of the oldest breeds
(1823 in the U.S.)
 Imported
from England - counties of Berkshire
and Wiltshire
 American
Berkshire Association established in
1875 - first swine registry in the world
 Original
Berkshire - reddish or sandy color crossed with Siamese and Chinese pigs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Berkshires, cont.
 Chester
and Delaware counties in PN (near
Lancaster County)
 Dominated
 Black
market shows in 1940s and 1950s
with six white points and erect ears
 Confinement
 Superior
 Export
adaptability, aggressive breeders
muscle quality
marketing programs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Chester White
 Early
19th century - Chester County, PA
 Yorkshire
and Lincolnshire breeds from UK,
Chester breed in NY
 Several
 Solid
early associations - combined starting 1911
white with drooping ears
 Large
litters, mothering ability
 Little
use outside of U.S.
 Good
meat quality
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Duroc
 First
called Duroc-Jersey
(Association established in 1883)
 Started
from Jersey Reds of New Jersey, red Durocs
of New York
 Originally
from Spain and Portugal, also Guinea
coast of Africa
 Reddish-brown
strain of Berks
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Duroc, cont.
 Influenced
by Danish and
Canadian imports
 Reddish
 Fast
color with drooping ears
growth, feed efficiency, rugged, durable
 Superior
muscle quality - intramuscular fat
 Terminal
sire used widely throughout the world
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Hampshire
 One
of oldest American breeds
 Boone
Co., KY - imported from Hampshire County
in England - 1825-1835
 From
“Old English Breed” from Scotland and
Saddleback
 Association
established in 1893 - American Thin
Rind Association
 Black
with white belt, erect ears
 Leanness,
carcass desirability
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Landrace
 Descendents
of Danish Landrace
 Imported
from Denmark by USDA in 1934, others
from Norway and Sweden
 Association
established in 1950, known as bacon
type hog
 Solid
white with large, floppy ears - long-bodied
 Mothering
ability, survival rate
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Poland
 Originated
from more different
breeds than any other breed of livestock
 Warren
and Butler Counties in Ohio (1800-1850)
 Wide
swings in popularity
 Black
with six white points and drooping ears
 Meaty
carcasses, large loin eyes
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Spotted
 Descended
from original
Poland China in Ohio
 Developed
in Indiana, association established in
1914
 First
known as Spotted Poland China
 Opened
herdbook to Poland China in 1970s and
Pietrain in 1990s
 White
with black spots and drooping ears
 Fast
growth rate, aggressive males
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Yorkshire
 Imported
from northern
England in York County around
1830
 Known
as Large White in Europe, "Mother
breed"
 Heavily
influenced by recent importations from
Sweden, England, Canada
 White
with erect ears - long, big frame
 Have
led in use of STAGES program
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Litter Recordings by Breed
14000
12000
Berkshire
Chester
Spotted
Poland
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Litter Recordings By Breed
30000
25000
Duroc
Hampshire
Yorkshire
Landrace
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Litter Recordings - All Breeds
100000
All Breeds
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Pietrain
 From
village of Pietrain, Belgium
 Exported
 Medium
 Shorter
to France and Germany
size - white with black spots
legs, stocky, bulging hams
 Extreme
muscle, high lean%
 Used
by breeding companies to increase lean%
 HAL
gene - poor meat quality
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
USA Breeding Companies
 Trained
geneticists
 Elaborate,
 Tightly
large scale testing programs
controlled health program
 Large
scale, national advertisement
 Large
volume suppliers
 Complete
control of germplasm
 Numerous
companies originated in England,
Holland, Belgium
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Babcock Genetics
 First
called Midwest Swine, mainly in WI and
MN - target small - medium size herds
 Nucleus
 Uses
herd located in Wisconsin
sales staff and contract production herds
Herd System – rotaterminal on-site gilt
replacement
 Closed
 Have
eliminated the stress gene - first company to
certify breeding stock free of the HAL gene
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Farmers Hybrid
 Founded
in 1938 as seed corn company
 Swine
breeding company started near Hampton,
IA (1941)
 Purchased
by Monsanto in 1969
 Early
history was rotational scheme with synthetic
breeds
 First
company to hire Ph.D. geneticist (Dr. Earl
Lasley)
 No
longer in business
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
PIC International
 Founded
in 1962 by group of
commercial producers in England
 Purchased
 Came
by Dalgety corporation
to U.S. about 25 years ago
 Original
elite herds in Kentucky and Wisconsin
 Nucleus
herd in Oklahoma
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
PIC International
 Female
program based on
Camborough female (LW x Swed. Land.)
 27
pure lines at nucleus level
 Largest
company in the world (30+ countries)
 Licensed
for Hal 1843* test
 Licensed
the ESR gene test
 Several
multiplier programs -- AI studs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Newsham Genetics

Initially a merger of Newsham & Segher companies

More recently merged with Mosanto Choice Genetics

Based in Des Moines, IA. parent company in U.K.

Office in St. Louis, MO

Started in 1990

Balanced terminal and maternal lines

Three site production

Emphasis on health

Gentel selection - stress
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Newsham Choice Genetics
 The




Monsanto portion of the company consists of :
Formerly Dekalb Swine, started from purchase of Lubbock
Swine Breeders in 1970 - now owned by Monsanto
Genepacker maternal lines - have added NE Index line
EBX terminal sires
Meat Quality Initiative
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Genetipork USA

U.S. franchise of Genetiporc
Canada (largest seedstock company in Canada)

Breton family in Canada (grain & poultry)

Originally chosen to supply needs of producers -- Morris
Swine Health Center

Daughter nucleus herds in MN -- genetic control in Canada

Three site production - high health standards


Free of PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Free of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
 Based
on Danish Pig Breeding Program - linked
directly to Danish system
 Started
by Sid Burkey, NE and others
 Terminal
line based on Duroc and Hamp x
Duroc cross lines (Danish lines)
semen distribution network – 1,200 sires
in AI centers
 BoarNet
 Maternal
line based on Danish Large White and
Landrace
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Nebraska SPF
 Organization
of SPF purebred breeders - most
located in Nebraska
 Started
 Whole
in 1959 with 10 herds
herd testing -- work done by fieldmen
 Pro-Elite
 Waldo
gilts and terminal boars
Farms is main herd in system
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Hermitage NGT

Merger of two companies


National Genetic Technologies
Hermitage Pedigree Pigs

Hermitage Pedigree Pigs Ltd. In business since 1958.

Operating from our base in Kilkenny, Ireland,

The Hermitage ‘Maternal Line Program’ focuses on producing
our female line.

These animals are bred and selected for female line traits.


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


Numbers Born Alive,
Feed Intake,
Growth Rate,
Milking Ability and
Weaning to Service Interval.
In addition, all our lines are intensively selected for overall conformation
(feet, legs, teats, and general body conformation).
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Hermitage NGT

The Hermitage ‘Terminal Line Program’ focuses on producing
our ‘Hylean’ lines.

Our ‘Hylean’ indices focus on


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

Growth Rate,
Feed Conversion,
Feed intake,
Lean Meat %,
Muscle Depth and Area,
Meat Quality and
overall body conformation.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Fast Genetics

Canadian company based in Saskatchewan

Began in 1982 as a family-owned company with Dr. Harold Fast and
his wife Marjorie as the sole owners and operators.

Fast Genetics owns 3700 sows in genetic nucleus and multiplication
production in Saskatchewan.

In 2001 the Fast family sold part of its interest in the business to
Hytek Ltd. of LaBroquerie, Manitoba.

From the onset, Fast Genetics has paid particular attention to the
health and vigor of their nucleus herd.

The herd’s origin is from cesarean derived piglets reared on
evaporated milk.

Maintained outstanding health status with records which indicate an
absence of the major health concerns since 1982.

Fast Genetics' nucleus herds, located in northern Saskatchewan,
continue to maintain closed herds in isolation from other intensive
hog production units. The
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Swine Registry
 Located
in West Lafayette, IN
 Formed
by Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire
breeds in 1994
 Joined
by Landrace in 1998
 National
across-herd sire summaries performance pedigrees
 Litter
registrations, breed promotion, marketing
assistance, educational materials
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Hypor

Is a part of Hendrix Genetics


European firm
Have other breeding activities




Pig
Broiler
Layer
Formerly known as Genex


Largely known for their Dam Lines
Recently purchased Duroc lines
 Shade Oak
 Designed Genetics (Paul Reese family)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Genesus
 Canadian based company
Jim Long CEO
 Has a widely based blog and weekly
newsletter
 Maintain 3 pure lines
 Duroc
 Yorkshire
 Landrace
 Claim to be the largest recorder in
Canada
 Many Hutterite colony customers
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Topigs North America

Daughter company of TOPIGS,



Subsidiary of Pigture Group
Based in The Netherlands.
Four TOPIGS international genetic improvement centers.

North American site is in Saskatchewan, Canada

TOPIGS North America consists of both nucleus and multiplication
units located throughout the continent.

Company had its beginnings when a group of purebred breeders
organized to form and “act” more like a company

Lines are purebred based



Yorkshire
Landrace
Duroc
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Topigs North America

Daughter company of TOPIGS,



Subsidiary of Pigture Group
Based in The Netherlands.
Four TOPIGS international genetic improvement centers.

North American site is in Saskatchewan, Canada

TOPIGS North America consists of both nucleus and multiplication
units located throughout the continent.

Company had its beginnings when a group of purebred breeders
organized to form and “act” more like a company

Lines are purebred based



Yorkshire
Landrace
Duroc
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Topigs North America

Maintain a research arm called Institute for Pig Genetics

Conduct research using the data generated from their business


Purebred data
Commercial data
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Other breeding stock entities

Norsvin




Based in Norway
Just beginning to get business started in Canada and the U.S.
Known for their Landrace line
PureTek

U.S. Purebred breeders forming business
Tempel Genetics, Gentryville, IN
 Whiteshire Hamroc, Albion, IN
 Cedar Ridge Farms, Red Bud,IL
 Waldo Farms, DeWitt, NE
 Shaffer Superior Genetics, Albany, IN
 Northern Genetic Management, (Dr. Neil DeBuse), MN
*** Firm is responsible for 98% of swine breeding stock exported from the
U.S.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Other breeding stock entities
 Others


Independent purebred breeders
Many reasons for the decline of this sector


Some are real
Some are misconceptions
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
AI Boar Studs
 Swine
Genetics International (SGI), IA
 International
 United
 Top
Boar Semen (IBS), IA
Swine Genetics, IL
Cut Sires, OH
 Lean
Value Sires, OH
 Highpoint
 Prairie
Swine Genetics, IL
States Semen Supply, IL
 Regional
Commercial Studs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
 Malignant
hyperthermia - increase in body
temperature, muscle rigidity, increase in
metabolism, sudden death
 Triggered
by minor stress - loading, mixing,
transport, high temperatures
 Rapid
decline in pH after slaughter - results in PSE
pork
 Single
point mutation (C to T) at nucleotide 1843
on chromosome 6
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Inheritance of PSS
 Single
 First
recessive gene (Christian - early 1970s)
identification - visual appraisal
 Halothane
gas screening
 Measurement
of blood enzyme creatine
phosphokinase (CPK)
 Blood
 DNA
typing
test - Fujii et al. (1991)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Halothane Gene Effects on Loin Quality
Normal versus Carrier Advantage
Loin Muscle Area, sq in
Ultimate pH
Drip Loss, %
INSTRON, Kg
Tenderness Score
Intramuscular Fat, %
Cooking Loss, %
Hunter Color
NGEP
- .29
-.48
.50
.28
.33
-1.7
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
NBS
- .35
-.69
.26
.34
.27
.47
1.5
QLGM
- .27
-1.13
.34
.39
.25
.50
1.9
Pork Loins Failing Minimum Quality Standards
in the NGEP
Criteria
Very Pale Color
Very Dark Color
Devoid Marbling
Firmness (Soft)
Drip Loss (Exudative)
Overall Rating *
Normal (NN) Carrier (Nn)
2,863 Pigs
391 Pigs
%
%
4.2
15.9
10.6
7.7
1.3
4.6
10.4
27.9
2.9
6.9
22.5
36.8
*Overall rating includes each pig only once
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Abnormalities - Inherited Disorders
 Due
to a single gene
 Combined
action of many genes and the
environment
 May
run in families but inconclusive whether due
to one or many genes
 Recessive
or dominant
 Molecular
 Evaluate
genetics may help to identify
economic importance and frequency of
disorder
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Disorders and/or Traits
 Osteochondrosis
- abnormal differentiation of
growth cartilage - runs in families
- joint inflammation - low h2 - more
common in some families or lines
 Arthritis
 Shaker
pig syndrome - tremors of head and legs various causes and not fully known
 Splay
legs - rear legs on newborn pigs spread
apart - genetics, viral infection, nutrition
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Disorders and/or Traits
 Cryptorchidism
- one or both testes retained in
abdomen - at least two gene pairs
 Scrotal
hernia - intestines come down through
inguinal canal into scrotum - two pairs of recessive
genes
 Umbilical
hernia - part of intestine through the
abdominal wall at the umbilicus - occurs in
families, infections?
 Inverted
nipples - more common in anterior
region - several genes - h2 approx. 20%
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
NPPC Pork Challenge
 Started
at World Pork Expo in 1988, three tests
 Used
central test facility to compare industry
breeding programs - “system” philosophy
 Benchmark
 Breed/sire
of market hog performance
line progeny test results
 First
large test that measured quality traits and
potential consumer acceptance
 2,416
pigs in 303 entry groups
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Barrow Show Progeny Test
 Sponsored
 Sire
by Hormel Foods Corp.
progeny test - 8 pigs/sire
 Tested
at New Hampton Testing Station and
Minnesota Testing Station
 Over
4,000 pigs tested
 Performance
 Breed
and muscle quality evaluation
differences for quality traits
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Genetic Evaluation Program (NGEP)
 Provide
unbiased, highly accurate sire line data
for numerous traits never before evaluated, and
to compare seedstock populations for
crossbreeding use.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
National Genetic Evaluation Program
 Conducted
 Results
by NPPC
released in 1995
 Terminal
sire line comparison for 40 traits
 Heritabilities
and genetic correlations among all
traits
 Effect
of HAL gene on all traits
 Consumer
preference study
 “Spin-off”
benefits - SEW, AI
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Features of NGEP
 Cooperating
 40
9
commercial producers
production and quality traits
sire lines completed program
 795
sires collected
 9,000
doses of semen
 1,780
litters tested
 3,261
pigs tested
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Maternal Line Genetic Evaluation Program
 Conducted
 Started
 Six
by NPPC
in 1997, results released in 2000
maternal lines evaluated
 Evaluated
lifetime reproductive performance of
maternal genetic lines through 4 parities
 Evaluated
maternal contribution to progeny
performance
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Quality Lean Growth Modeling Project
6
genetic lines, 4 diets, 3 endpoint weights
 1600
pigs, 3 test groups
 Feed
intake, growth curves, lean:fat deposition
rates using RTU
 Ham,
loin, belly quality
 Carcass
separation data used for Fat-Free Lean
Prediction Equations
 Two
symposiums held to present results
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Genetics of Quality Lean Efficiency Project
 Started
 SEW
 Two
in July 1999
pigs at Minnesota Swine Testing Station
reps, 500 head each
 Purebred
Yorkshires and Durocs
 Individual
 Serial
feed intake and efficiency
scans for intramuscular fat
 Carcass
dissection work
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
STAGES -- Swine Testing And Genetic Evaluation System
 Initiated
in “stages”
 Multi-trait
 Daily
animal model
across-herd EPDs on association computer
 Across-herd
summaries published semi-annually
 Breed
specific variance components and
adjustments
 www.ansc.purdue.edu/stages/
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Structure of the Swine Industry
Nucleus
Multiplier
Commercial
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Sources of Replacement Females
 Purchase


Supplier is responsible for genetic improvement
program
Substitute capital for management
 Raising


your own seedstock
You are responsible for genetic improvement
Substitute labor and management for capital
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Sources of Replacement Females
 Purchase
-- must fit your system and
environment
 Gilt



multiplication systems
Grandparent or great-grandparent
Rotaterminal system
AI is important tool to access superior maternal
genetics
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Terminal Cross -- Industry Standard
 Larger
units -- within-herd gilt
replacement
 Larger
 High
seedstock suppliers and networks
herd health advancements
 Highly
selected AI sires
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Example of Terminal Crossbreeding System
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Terminal Crossbreeding System
 Heterosis
 Greater
is maximized
product consistency
 Easier
to implement and manage
 Allows
best use of specialized sire and dam
lines
 Repeated
use of superior terminal sires
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Terminal Crossbred Female

Goal is to maximize reproduction

Maximize heterosis -- crossbred females

Maternal traits -- low h2, respond to
crossbreeding

Contributes half of genes for growth and
composition to the offspring

Consider facilities and environment


Outdoor/large groups -- 25-50% color
Inside/crated/small groups -- 0-25% color
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Within-Herd Multiplication Systems
 Lower






health risks
Potential cost savings
More control of your genetics
Requires more management to be successful
Reduces terminal production
AI improves efficiency of system
Computer tools aid in implementation
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Traditional Genetic Pyramid
Nucleus
200 York sows x York boars --> Yorkshire animals
50 Land sows x Land boars ---> Landrace boars
50 Duroc sows x Duroc boars --> Terminal boars
Multiplier
1200 York sows x Land boars ==> LY parent stock
Parent
8500 LY sows x Duroc boars ==> market hogs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Within-Herd Grandparent Program
Line A
Line B
X
Line C
15% of herd
AxB Female
X
Market Hogs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
85% of herd
Within-Herd Great-Grandparent Program
Hampshire
Landrace
X
2.5% of herd
Hamp x Landrace
Yorkshire
X
15% of herd
3-Way Cross
Duroc
X
Market Hogs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
82.5% of herd
Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System
(2 Breed)
15% of herd
Breed A
85% of herd
Terminal
Boars
All pigs
go to
market
Crossbred
females
Crossbred
females
Breed B
Crossbred
females
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System
(3 Breed)
15% of herd
85% of herd
Breed A
Terminal
Boars
All pigs
go to
market
Crossbred
females
Breed B
Crossbred
females
Crossbred
females
Breed C
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Crossbred
females
Rotaterminal Crossbreeding System
Home-raised Females
Best Females (15%)
Maternal Sires
Other Females (85%)
Terminal Sires
Pigs
Barrows
Replacement Gilts
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Slaughter
Advantages of Rotaterminal System

Can purchase startup females once

Reduced health risk

Suitable for AI

Maternal heterosis is 86% (3-breed maternal cross)

100% heterosis in market pig

Use of indigenous breeds is possible


Adaptability –heat tolerant
Disease resistance
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Genetic Importation Considerations
 Identify
the populations (breeds), herds, and
individuals that will improve the traits of
interest.
 Use
Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation
System (STAGES) data

Do not require the top 1% of animals to improve your herd
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Take Home Messages
 The
genetic system and improvement will
dictate the operation maximum production
trait performance
 Heterosis
 Which





should be maximized
Mating System is Best?
Management ability
Herd size
Availability of replacements
Genetic cost, extra facility capital outlay,
seedstock purchase expense
Best does not always equal optimal nor feasible
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science
Heterosis percentage in rotational crosses
Generation number
Equilibrium
Crossbreeding system
1
2
3
4
5
6
Two-breed rotation
100.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
68.9
67.2
66.7
Three-breed rotation
100.0
100.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
84.4
85.7
Four-breed rotation
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
93.8
93.8
93.3
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Animal Science