Transcript neural stem cells

Cleavage of frog embryos and a tadpole
Cell division---differentiation---morphogenesis
apical meristems-perpetually
embryonic regions
C. elegans a
nematode worm;
easily grown in lab;
transparent body
with few cell types;
hermaphrodites;
have a complete
cell lineage
Cell lineage in
C. elegans
Mus musculus-familiar genome is sequenced
Danio rerio-a zebra fish—easily breed in the lab;
transparent embryos develop outside the mother’s
body; early stages of development are quick
Arabidopsis - Quick growing
wall cress plant
8-10 weeks life cycle; each
flower makes eggs and sperm;
its genome has been
sequenced; cells will take up
DNA; small genome
Cloning of a carrot
Many somatic cells apical meristems of a plant remain totipotent
and thus a clone can be produced from one of them.
Undifferentiated cell
Nuclear transplantation
semistarvation
Dolly and her
surrogate mother
Cloned from a kidney cell from a cadaver
Adult Stem Cells
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all the types of
blood cells: red blood cells, B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and platelets.
Bone marrow stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells)
give rise to a variety of cell types: bone cells
(osteocytes), cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fat cells
(adipocytes), and other kinds of connective tissue cells
such as those in tendons.
neural stem cells in the brain give rise to its three major
cell types: nerve cells (neurons) and two categories of
non-neuronal cells—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Epithelial stem cells in the lining of the digestive tract
occur in deep crypts and give rise to several cell types:
absorptive cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
Skin stem cells occur in the basal layer of the epidermis
and at the base of hair follicles. The epidermal stem
cells give rise to keratinocytes, which migrate to the
surface of the skin and form a protective layer. The
follicular stem cells can give rise to both the hair follicle
and to the epidermis.
Adult Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Cancers:
Brain Cancer
Retinoblastoma
Ovarian Cancer
Skin Cancer: Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Testicular Cancer
Tumors abdominal organs Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Cancer of the lymph nodes: Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
Multiple Myeloma
Myelodysplasia
Breast Cancer
Neuroblastoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Various Solid Tumors
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
POEMS syndrome
Myelofibrosis
Auto-Immune Diseases
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Systemic Lupus
Myasthenia
Autoimmune Cytopenia
Scleromyxedema
Scleroderma
Crohn’s Disease
Behcet’s Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Polychondritis
Systemic Vasculitis
Alopecia Universalis
Buerger’s Disease
Cardiovascular
Acute Heart Damage
Chronic Coronary Artery Disease Ocular
Corneal regeneration Immunodeficiencies
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
X-linked Hyper immunoglobulin M Syndrome
Neural Degenerative Diseases and Injuries
Parkinson’s Disease
Spinal Cord Injury
Stroke Damage
Anemias and Other Blood Conditions
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sideroblastic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Red Cell Aplasia
Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
Thalassemia
Primary Amyloidosis
Diamond Blackfan Anemia
Fanconi’s Anemia
Chronic Epstein-Barr Infection
Wounds and Injuries
Limb Gangrene
Surface Wound Healing
Jawbone Replacement
Skull Bone Repair Other Metabolic Disorders
Hurler’s Syndrome
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Krabbe Leukodystrophy
Osteopetrosis
Cerebral X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Liver Disease
Chronic Liver Failure
Liver Cirrhosis
Bladder Disease
End-Stage Bladder Disease
NONE
Determination-expression of a master control gene myoDsets the fate of a cell causing a specific differentiationexpression of genes that encode tissue-specific proteins
cytoplasmic determinants
maternal substances in the
cytoplasm of the egg that
regulate gene expression
Induction-movement of signal molecules from nearby
cells
Key developmental events
in the life cycle of a fruit fly
Pattern formation-tissues
and organs are all in their
characteristic places
molecular clues that
control pattern formation
are called positional
information tell a cell its
location relative to the
body axes and to
neighboring cells
embryonic lethals-mutations
affecting a fundamental process
in an embryo
maternal effects genes-when
mutant in the mother, results in
a mutant phenotype
egg-polarity genes-maternal
effect genes that control the
orientation of the egg
bicoid gene-sets the anterior
end of the fly
morphogens-substances
whose gradients establish an
embryo’s axes and other major
factors
homeotic genes-the master regulatory genes that set the
anatomical identity of the segments determine what
appendages will be produced on a segment
Homologous genes that
affect pattern formation in a
fruit fly and a mouse
homeobox-180-nucleotide
sequence found in the
homeotic genes of many
species
each of these boxes contains
a homeobox
Homeobox-containing
genes as switches
Apoptosis
Miniature front legs
Missing eye
Pudgy
Ruby eye
Stargazer
Ulnaless
Ulnaless
Nude Mouse