Transcript genetics 11-3 w/o dihybrids

Exploring Mendelian
Genetics
11-3
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences the
____________________________
________________________.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
= ________________________
provide the plan
Genes ________
______ for
development, but how plan unfolds also
depends on ______________conditions.
environmental
_______
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
Some traits have
choices
____________
MORE than 2 allele __________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= ____________________
EX: blood type
B ___
O
A ___
Allele choices ___
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT
= __________________
EX: human height.
intelligence,
skin & eye color
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________
MORE than
ONE
gene have _____
_________
many
“___________”
in-between phenotypes
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
whole range
of intelligences in-between
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
____________________
CO-DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Dominant allele _______
masks
__________
the ___________
recessive one
PATTERN ?
Recessive allele
____________
________
returns
in a _____ratio
in the
3:1
____
F2 generation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
DON’T
SEE expected
__________
_____
3:1 ratio in
F2 generation
Heterozygous organisms with one
_____________
dominant and one recessive allele
show a _________
BLENDED in-between trait
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH traits are expressed at ___________
_______
SAME TIME
(_____________________)
in heterozygote
NO BLENDING
ROAN
A ________HORSE
has
______________
BOTH RED hair
and __________
WHITE hair
side by side
CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele
AND a B allele have
blood type AB
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with
_______
sugars attached that
help cells recognize self
= ______________
GLYCOPROTEINS
http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm
BLOOD TYPES
have more than 2 allele choices
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is
attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
A
B
O
_____
____
____
BLOOD TYPES
An A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
A B allele tells
the cell to put a
different “B”
glycoprotein
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put
anything on the
surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT
A cell with
BOTH an
A and a B allele
has BOTH
“A” and “B”
glycoproteins on its
surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
PHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)
A
A
B
B
O
AB
DONOR
BLOOD
A and AB see A
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
B and AB see B
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
O can donate to
____
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
UNIVERSAL DONOR
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
YOU DON’T HAVE
ANYTHING I DON’T
HAVE!
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
DONOR
BLOOD
Only AB sees AB
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A, B, and O see
AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
AB can only GIVE to AB
BUT . . .
AB can RECEIVE FROM
______
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
Body image modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY
IN USA
A
B
AB
O
40%
10%
4%
46%
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
ABO SYSTEM is NOT
THE ONLY ONE
+
Rh
Rh
OTHER BLOOD TYPES
____________________
IF:
NO PROBLEMS
Rh+
MOM is _____
& BABY is _____
Rh+
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
MOM is _____
Rh+
& BABY is ____
Rh-
PROBLEM IF:
Can be a ___________
Mom is _____
Rh-
Baby is _____
Rh+
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth
prevents this
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
Chromosomes that determine
the sex of an organism =
_________________
Sex chromosomes
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
All other chromosomes =
_________________
autosomes
Humans have two sex chromosomes
X
y
and _____
44 autosomes
SEX DETERMINATION
XX = female
Xy = male
Who decides?
Mom can give X
Dad can give
X or y
X
X
X
XX
XX
y
Xy
Xy
Dad determines sex of the baby.
SO ____
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy
HEMOPHILIA
CAUSE:
Mutation in genes for Blood
__________________
clotting proteins
carried ______
on X chromosome
Blood clotting proteins are missing so person
with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when
bleed to death from minor
injured; can ________________
cuts or suffer internal bleeding
from bruises or bumps.
HEMOPHILIA
Treatment:
Need ____________
injections of normal clotting
proteins to stop bleeding
More
commonin
_____________
males because it is
______
TWO recessive
X-linked, but females with ______
hemophilia alleles will also show the trait.
1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia
COLORBLINDNESS
CAUSE:
Mutation in one of three genes for
_______________
Color vision carried on X chromosome
Persons with this disorder have trouble
distinguishing colors.
Red-green
_________________
colorblindness is most common
Seen in 1 in 10 males
1 in 100 females
http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php
Males ONLY HAVE ONE X
DEFECTIVE
They either
have the
disorder
NORMAL
Or
They are
normal
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have
one normal
gene that works.
Femalesneed
________
2
defective recessiv
alleles to show the
The X chromosome in males . . .
flies WITHOUT a copilot!
. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!
X-linked cross
Xb
Dad is not
XB
colorblind
Mom is colorblind y Xb y
Xb
XB X b XB Xb
Xb y
What is the probability of having a
colorblind boy? All boys will be colorblind
What is the probability of having a
colorblind girl?No girls will be colorblind
Girls with this genotype: XB Xb
don’t show the COLORBLIND trait
They have a
“backup” X.
BUT. . . .
They can pass the gene onto their
offspring.
A heterozygous person
who carries a recessive
allele for a genetic
doesn’t
disorder, but ________
show the trait
themselves
is called a
_____________
CARRIER
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
Storage and transfer of genetic information
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to
offspring;
SOUTH DAKOTA
ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and
products of natural and induced biological
change.
9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the
results of complex inheritance patterns involving
multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance