Transcript Unit 02 Biological and Neurological Foundations of Communication

Unit Two
Biological and
Neurological Foundations
of Communication
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Chapter 3
The Role of Genetics
in the Development
of Communication and
Communication Disorders
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Genetics
• Genetics is the study of:
– Genes
– Chromosomes
– DNA
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The Human Genome Project
• Human Genome Project website
• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H
uman_Genome/home.shtml
• FAQs about the project
• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H
uman_Genome/faq/faqs1.shtml
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Genetic Effects
• Direct effect
– Specific gene causes a disorder or
anomaly
• Indirect effect
– Problem is secondary to a genetic error
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Syndromes
• A complex of signs and symptoms
resulting from a common etiology
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What to examine?
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Head
Face
Eyes
Ears
Dental condition
Hands/fingers
Feet
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Chapter 4
Neurological Foundations
of Communication
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Central Nervous System
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Brain
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord
Function of CNS
– Communication of nerve impulses from
neuron to neuron
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Central Nervous System
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The Brain
• Right hemisphere
• Left hemisphere
• Hemispheres are connected by the
corpus callosum
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Functions
of the Left Hemisphere
• Dominant for language and speech
• Processing rapidly changing information
• Perceiving and analyzing information in
a sequential order
• Feeling and control of movement of the
right side of body
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Language Processing and
Auditory Comprehension Skills
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Sensation
Attention
Auditory discrimination
Auditory association
Auditory memory
Auditory cohesion
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Speech Production
• Broca’s area located in left frontal lobe
• Plans, sequences, coordinates, and
initiates motor movements
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Functions of
the Right Hemisphere
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Attention
Orientation
Visual perception
Emotional experience and expression
Cognition
Feeling and control of movement of the
left side of body
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Cognition
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Attention
Memory
Organizing
Planning
Reasoning
Problem Solving
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Cerebellum
• Coordinates muscle groups for smooth
and accurate motor movements
• Helps to maintain balance and
equilibrium
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Brain Stem
• Connects brain to the spinal cord
• Three components of the brain stem:
– Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata
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Cranial Nerves
• Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
• Cranial nerves exit the brain stem
– Extend to mouth, face, neck, and
shoulders
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Cranial Nerves
I: Olfactory
VII: Facial
II: Optic
VIII: Auditory
III: Oculomotor
IX: Glossopharyngeal
IV: Trochlear
X: Vagus
V: Trigeminal
XI: Accessory
VI: Abducens
XII: Hypoglossal
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Spinal Cord
• Conducts sensory and motor impulses
of the body to and from the brain
• Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves
originate from the cord and innervate
every muscle of the body below the face
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Peripheral Nervous System
• Allows CNS to communicate with the
body
• PNS composed of:
– Cranial nerves that exit brain stem
– Spinal nerves that exit spinal cord
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