Transcript Genes - Mount Carmel Academy

The Work of
Gregor Mendel
11-1
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm
Transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring
_______________________is
called
___________________.
heredity
how those
SCIENCE that studies _____
The _________
characteristics are _________
passed on from one
generation to the next is called
Genetics
___________________
http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm
The __________________
Father of Genetics is
_________________,
Gregor Mendel
study
a monk whose _________
of
genetic traits was the beginning of
our _________________
about
understanding
_____________________.
how genes work
http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif
Mendel designed
experiments using
____________
Pea plants in the
__________
monastery garden
_______
MALE part of flower makes
Pollen
___________
(sperm)
FEMALE
__________ part of flower makes
_______
egg cells
http://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/2scideb/debwebpv.htm
In pea plants, the pollen normally joins
with an egg from the _______
same plant
(=_______________
Self pollinating ) so seeds have
“_________________”
ONE parent
http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif
MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS
Mendel started his experiments with
peas that were _________________
true breeding
= if allowed to
_________________
self pollinate
they would produce
____________________
offspring identical
to themselves.
http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif
MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS
removed pollen
Mendel ____________________
making parts and ____________
added pollen
from _______
another plant.
This allowed him to
_____________
cross-breed plants
with ______________
different
characteristics and
study the results
________
http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif
specific characteristic is
A _____________________
trait
called a ____________
Mendel ______________
studied 7 traits in peas.
Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
P1 generation
____
(_________)
parental
F1 generation
____
filial
(______=
offspring)
F2 generation
___
Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
Tall
Go to
Section:
Short
F1 Generation
Tall
Tall
F2 Generation
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short
Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
Tall
Go to
Section:
Short
F1 Generation
Tall
Tall
F2 Generation
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short
Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
Tall
Go to
Section:
Short
F1 Generation
Tall
Tall
F2 Generation
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short
crossed PURE PLANTS
When Mendel ______________
with 2 ______________
traits:
contrasting
(EX: Tall crossed with short)
He always found same pattern:
1. ONLY ______
ONE trait ____________
showed
F1
in the ____
generation BUT . . .
Missing trait ____________
returned in
2. ___________
F2 generation
the ____
in a _________
3:1 ratio
PATTERNS ARE THE KEY
Image modified from:
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mendel.html
Mendel decided that there must
be a __________________
that
pair of FACTORS
control
________each
trait and that
__________
one factor must be able to
_______
HIDE the other.
We now know that Mendel’s
factors are genes carried on
________________
the pair of________________
homologous
_________________
chromosomes
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
________
DIFFERENT gene
CHOICES for a
_______
trait are called
___________.
ALLELES
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
DOMINANT
__________________
= An allele
HIDES the presence of
that ________
another allele
RECESSIVE
__________________
= An allele
that __________________
the
is hidden by
presence of another allele
Why did the recessive trait disappear
in the F1 generation and reappear in
the F2?
The pattern corresponds
movement of
to the ____________
chromosomes during
______________
MEIOSIS
____________________
Image modified from:
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html
WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE
TO DO WITH IT?
REMEMBER
_____________
HOMOLOGOUS
chromosomes
SEPARATE
________________
during
ANAPHASE I
= _________________
SEGREGATION
Image modified from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
____
F1 offspring __________
received an allele for
tallness from their _______
TALL parent and an
allele for shortness from their ________
SHORT
parent.
The F1 plants ALL ___________
LOOK TALL
carryingan
but are ___________
allele for _____________
shortness
Images from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
EXPLAINING the F1 CROSS
SEGREGATION
LAW OF ___________________
alleles are separated
when the F1 plants
______________
made gametes
When these gametes recombined to make the
recessive
F2 generation, the _____________
trait
_______________
reappears in ¼ of the offspring
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
Principles of Dominance
Section 11-1
P Generation
Tall
Short
F1 Generation
Tall
Tall
F2 Generation
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short
O T T F F S S E __
What comes next?
It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN!
(Just like Punnett Squares)
1
O
N
E
2
T
W
O
3
T
H
R
E
E
4
F
O
U
R
5
F
I
V
E
6
S
I
X
7 8
S E
E I
V G
E H
N T
9
__
N
I
N
E
PROBABILITY &
PUNNETT SQUARES
11-2
Interest Grabber
Section 11-2
Tossing
Coins
•If you toss a coin, what is the
probability of getting heads? Tails?
If you toss a coin 10 times, how
many heads and how many tails
would you expect to get? Working
with a partner, have one person toss
a coin
Interest Grabber Answers
1.
Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the
results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s
tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected?
Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails.
2.
Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses.
Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close
are these results to what was expected?
The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails.
3.
If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you
expect?
The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by
the rules of probability.
4.
How do the expected results differ from the observed results?
The observed results are usually slightly different from the
expected results.
PROBABILITY
____________________
is the __________
likelihood that a
particular _________________
event will occur
It can be written as a:
1/4
Fraction ____
25%
Percent ____
1:3
Ratio ____
http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg
COIN FLIP
There are 2 possible
capital
outcomes:
HEADS
TAILS
The chance the coin will land on either one is:
1/2
____
50%
____
1:1
____
Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin
flip. . . So can use probability to predict
outcomes of genetic crosses.
PROBABILITIES
_____ outcomes ______
PAST
DON’Taffect _________ones
FUTURE
If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50
chance the next flip will be heads too.
_____________works
______
Probability
predicting
best in ___________
a ________
number of events.
large
The more flips. . . The closer results will be to
the expected 50:50 average.
DOMINANT/RECESSIVE
Dominant allele is represented by a
_____________
____________
capital letter.
(usually the first letter of the trait)
Recessive allele is represented by the SAME
____________
lower-case
_________________
letter.
T
EX: Tall = ______
NOT S for short
t
Short =______
HOMOZYGOUS
HETEROZYGOUS
When both alleles in the pair are
the _______,
SAME the organism is
_______________
HOMOZYGOUS or __________
PURE
TT
tt
EX: ____
or ___
When both alleles in the pair are
_____________,
DIFFERENT the organism is
HETEROZYGOUS or _____________
HYBRID
_________________
Ex: ____
Tt
PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE
genetic makeup
The ________________
of an organism
is itsGENOTYPE
_____________
appearance
The ____________of
an organism is
PHENOTYPE
its _____________
MAKING A CROSS for
only a ONE
__________
GENE trait =
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
____________________
A Punnett square for
a MONOHYBRID
CROSS looks like
this:
PUNNETT SQUARES
are used to show possible offspring
from a cross between 2 parents
Parent alleles go at
_______________
top and on left side
Boxes show
T
possible
____________
offspring combinations t
___________________
T
T
STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES
Figure out what _________________
parent alleles
1. ___________
are
Choose
Punnett square __________
size
2. ________correct__________
Put in possible_______________________
parent gametes
3. ______
Fill in boxes with _____________________
offspring combinations
4. ______
probabilities phenotypes
5. Determine ____________of_____________&
genotypes
____________
IN PEA PLANTS
Tall is dominant over short
TALL = ____
T
SHORT = ____
t
LET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL
X PURE SHORT
PURE TALL parent
What are the parent alleles?
TT

T
HOMOZYGOUS
_________

T
What gametes
can it make?
PURE SHORT parent
What are the parent alleles?
tt

t
HOMOZYGOUS
_________

t
What gametes
can it make?
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
t
Tt
Tt
ALL
_____
of the
offspring
100
____ %
___/4
4
will be
Tt PHENOTYPE _______
TALL
GENOTYPE _____
HYBRID TALL parent
What are the parent alleles?
Tt

T
_________
HETEROZYGOUS

t
What gametes
can it make?
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
GENOTYPES
TT
¼ = _____
Tt
½ = _____
tt
¼ = _____
TALL
3/4 or ____%
75
PHENOTYPES ____
_________
____
_________
1/4or ____%
SHORT
25
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Tall = ____
T
t
Short = ____
R
Round seeds = ___
r
Wrinkled seeds = ___
What are the possible gametes?
Homozygous Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?
T

TT
T
What are the possible gametes?
PURE wrinkled parent =

What gametes can it produce?
r

rr
r
What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous Round parent =

What gametes can it produce?
R

Rr
r
What are the possible gametes?
Hybrid Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?
T

Tt
t
Exploring Mendelian
Genetics
11-3
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences the
____________________________
________________________.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
= ________________________
provide the plan
Genes ________
______ for
development, but how plan unfolds also
depends on ______________conditions.
environmental
_______
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
Some traits have
choices
____________
MORE than 2 allele __________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= ____________________
EX: blood type
B ___
O
A ___
Allele choices ___
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT
= __________________
EX: human height.
intelligence,
skin & eye color
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________
MORE than
ONE
gene have _____
_________
many
“___________”
in-between phenotypes
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
whole range
of intelligences in-between
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
____________________
CO-DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Dominant allele _______
masks
__________
the ___________
recessive one
PATTERN ?
Recessive allele
____________
________
returns
in a _____ratio
in the
3:1
____
F2 generation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
DON’T
SEE expected
__________
_____
3:1 ratio in
F2 generation
Heterozygous organisms with one
_____________
dominant and one recessive allele
show a _________
BLENDED in-between trait
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH traits are expressed at ___________
_______
SAME TIME
(_____________________)
in heterozygote
NO BLENDING
ROAN
A ________HORSE
has
______________
BOTH RED hair
and __________
WHITE hair
side by side
CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele
AND a B allele have
blood type AB
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with
_______
sugars attached that
help cells recognize self
= ______________
GLYCOPROTEINS
http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm
BLOOD TYPES
have more than 2 allele choices
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is
attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
A
B
O
_____
____
____
BLOOD TYPES
An A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
A B allele tells
the cell to put a
different “B”
glycoprotein
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put
anything on the
surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT
A cell with
BOTH an
A and a B allele
has BOTH
“A” and “B”
glycoproteins on its
surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
PHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)
A
A
B
B
O
AB
DONOR
BLOOD
A and AB see A
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
B and AB see B
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
O can donate to
____
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
UNIVERSAL DONOR
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
YOU DON’T HAVE
ANYTHING I DON’T
HAVE!
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
DONOR
BLOOD
Only AB sees AB
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A, B, and O see
AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
AB can only GIVE to AB
BUT . . .
AB can RECEIVE FROM
______
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
Body image modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY
IN USA
A
B
AB
O
40%
10%
4%
46%
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
ABO SYSTEM is NOT
THE ONLY ONE
+
Rh
Rh
OTHER BLOOD TYPES
____________________
IF:
NO PROBLEMS
Rh+
MOM is _____
& BABY is _____
Rh+
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
MOM is _____
Rh+
& BABY is ____
Rh-
PROBLEM IF:
Can be a ___________
Mom is _____
Rh-
Baby is _____
Rh+
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth
prevents this
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
DIHYBRID CROSSES
(2
traits)
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html
Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seed
is round or wrinkled have anything to
do with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow
also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with
TWO gene traits
___________________=
DIHYBRID
CROSS
____________________
A Punnett square for
a DIHYBRID
CROSS looks like
this:
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS
HOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
RRYY
HOMOZYGOUS
GREEN WRINKLED
rryy
1. Figure
___________
are
out what _________________
parent alleles
2. Choose
________correct__________
Punnett square __________
size
3. Put
______
in possible_______________________
parent gametes
4. Fill
______
in boxes with _____________________
offspring combinations
5. Determine ____________of_____________&
probabilities phenotypes
____________
genotypes
LAW OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
__________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes
independently of other factors
Image modified from:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
R RYY
R
Y
R
Y
RY
___________ ____________ _____________
RY
_____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
WRINKLED GREEN
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
rryy
r
y
r
y
ry
___________ ____________ _____________
ry
_____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
RrYy
R
Y
r
y
rY
___________ ____________ _____________
Ry
_____________
ry
ry
ry
ry
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy genotype
100% of offspring = _______
ROUND YELLOW phenotype
_______________________
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
RrYy
X
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
RrYy
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
RY
ry
rY
Ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
____
9 Round &
Yellow
Ry
RRYy
3 Round &
____
green
rY
RrYY RrYy
RY
ry
RrYy
RRyy
Rryy
RrYy
Rryy
rrYY rrYy
3 Wrinkled
____
& yellow
rrYy
1 wrinkled
____
& green
rryy
heterozygous dihybrid cross is a
Sign of a ______________________
_____________
9:3:3:1 ratio in offspring.
____
9 ____________
dominant TRAIT 1 ; ____________
dominant TRAIT 2
3 ____________
dominant TRAIT 1; _____________
recessive
____
TRAIT 2
____
TRAIT 2
recessive TRAIT 1; _____________
dominant
3 ____________
____
TRAIT 2
1 ____________
recessive TRAIT 1; _____________
recessive
9:3:3:1
__________ratio
is a clue that it’s a
____________________________cross
HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for DIHYBRID CROSSES
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
What are the possible gametes?


RRTT
pure round & pure tall = __________
____
R T ____
R T _____
R T ______
RT
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
TtRR
= __________


Heterozygous Tall
& pure round
____
T R ____
t R _____
t R ______
TR
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
Ttrr
= __________


Hybrid tall
& pure wrinkled
____
T r ____
t r _____
t r ______
Tr
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
tRr
=T
__________


Heterozygous tall
& hybrid round
____
T R ____
t r _____
t R ______
Tr
What gametes can it produce?