Transcript Selective Breeding

Mind Stretcher- 3/1/16
1.A change in the DNA sequence that can
be harmful, helpful or make no difference
A.Ribosome
B.Messenger RNA
C.Mutation
D.Transfer RNA
Selective Breeding
S7L3. Students will recognize how biological
traits are passed on to successive generations.
c. Recognize that selective breeding can
produce plants or animals with
desired traits
• ”Know” Selective Breeding…
–choosing two organisms of the same
species to mate with the hope of getting
the best qualities of each parent to
show up in the offspring.
–Also called “Artificial Selection”
Selective Breeding: Details
• Selective breeding is used mostly for
dogs, cats, other pets, cattle, and
crops.
Selective Breeding Example A
“Robust” means
STRONG &
HEALTHY!
Tough wild boars mated with friendly meaty pigs
give you robust & meaty pigs for your farm.
Tough Boar + Meaty Pig = Superpig
(strong, tough, meaty pig)
Selective Breeding Example B
Brahman cattle:
Good resistance to
heat, but poor beef.
English shorthorn
cattle: Good beef but
poor heat resistance.
Santa Gertrudis cattle
(cross of 2 breeds)
RESULT = good beef
and resistant to heat!
hot weather cow + beefy cow =
(beefy/hot weather cow)
Selective Breeding: Example C
Ancient corn
from Peru
(~4000 yrs old)
Choosing only the best corn plants to use for future
seeds = better crops over time.
Selective Breeding Example D
X
=
little red + big green = BIG RED TOMATO
Remember:
• Selective breeding crosses
(mates) organisms with
desirable traits to produce
offspring that have the traits
from both parents!
Advantages
of Selective Breeding
• Might get improved organisms
• Don’t need any special tools or lab
• Can be performed easily by farmers &
breeders
Disadvantages
of Selective Breeding
• Undesirable traits from both parents may
appear in the offspring
• Disease can accumulate in the population
– deaf dalmatians, boxers with heart disease, labs
with hip problems, etc.
• Genetic disorders become more prominent
due to Inbreeding (breeding of closely
related family members to increase a
particular trait)
Selectively Breeding Cows
• You may one breed each cow only one time
• You must say which trait you are hoping to
pass on for each cow.
EX: I chose Alma for her resistance to weather
and I chose the bull, Brutus, for his strong
muscles.
Ticket out the Door
• On your device, login to
https://b.socrative.com
• Type in Room # 53388
#1- Name
• #2- What you learned (1-2 sentences)
#3- True or False? Selective breeding changes
the DNA of an organism (the offspring) over
generations.
**Take turns with the 9 ipads or desktop computer if your
device doesn’t load Socrative.
Selective Breeding- PowToons presentation
https://youtu.be/CDnsj25h0Ek
REVIEW
• Genetic Engineering
– Keep this side blank…we
will complete it soon!
• Selective Breeding
– Process has been around
for thousands of years
– Combines the best traits
of two organisms
– Results in organisms that
have the desirable traits
of their parents
Genetic Engineering
Everything you need to know!
S7L3. Students will recognize how biological
traits are passed on to successive generations.
c. Recognize that selective breeding can
produce plants or animals with desired traits
• Know
–GE involves identifying certain
genes and moving them from one
organism to another – even to a
different species or removing the
gene entirely!
Did You Know?
Scientists used a bioluminescent gene from a
jellyfish to create “glowing” green mice!
Genetic Engineering: Details
• It produces an organism
that has a new trait it
would most likely not have
developed on its own
• Genetic engineering is
controversial.
Genetic Engineering Example A:
Give the insulin
gene to diabetics.
•
Diabetic = a person whose
pancreas cannot create the
important hormone insulin.
1. Take the gene for making insulin
from a healthy donor’s DNA
2. Add that gene to the DNA of
pancreas cells from a diabetic
3. Let mitosis happen for a while (in a “test
tube”) so you get LOTS of pancreas cells
with the good gene.
4. Surgically implant the good cells
back into the diabetic
Genetic Engineering Example B:
Give tomatoes the
ability to make
anti-freeze.
• Placing the “anti-freeze gene”
from a fish in tomatoes so the
tomatoes can still grow in cold
weather.
Genetic Engineering Example C:
Make chickens with • Scientists engineered chickens to
be featherless by REMOVING the
no feathers.
gene in chicken DNA that causes
them to grow feathers
Genetic Engineering Example D:
Cabbage plant +
scorpion venom =
bug-proof veggies
Scientists added a gene for
producing scorpion venom to
cabbage plants to kill pesky
caterpillars that eat crops!
Remember!
Gene: a
segment of
DNA
Genetic
engineering
involves the
manipulation
of genes!
What is a Genetically Modified Food?
https://youtu.be/JMPE5wlB3Zk
Using the DNA Sequence
• Knowing the sequence of an
organisms DNA (Genome) allows
researchers to study specific genes,
to compare them with the genes of
other organisms, to try to discover
the functions of different genes and
gene combinations.
Genetic Engineering of insectresistant corn
#2 Use enzymes to cut
desired gene loose
#1 Identify desired gene
#3 Remove undesired gene
#4 Insert desired gene into corn
Different techniques are used to…
• Extract DNA from cells
• Cut DNA into smaller pieces
• Identify the sequence of bases in a
DNA molecule
• Make unlimited copies of DNA
DNA Extraction
• DNA can be extracted from most
cells by a simple chemical
procedure
• The cells are opened and the
DNA is separated from other
parts of the cell
Fun With Glow Genes
• There is an enzyme
that makes jellyfish
and fireflies glow
• Luciferase
• Could we take a gene
out of an animal and
put it in something
else?
• Could we get things
that don’t glow, to
glow
Glow - Fish
Glow - Mice
Advantages
of Genetic Engineering
• Will get improved organisms
• Can create organisms with traits not
previously thought possible
• Can remove “bad” genes
• Reduces the chance of getting “undesirable”
organisms
Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering
•
•
•
•
•
Co$tly
Must be performed in a lab with special equipment
Ethical issues
Long term negative affects
Negative environmental impacts
Genetic engineering has
few limits - except our
imagination, and our
moral or ethical code.
Be Creative!
• Think of an organism in which you’d like to
enhance or modify.
• Now select a specific “gene” or trait from
another organism that you could insert into
your first organism’s DNA.
• Draw a picture and describe your genetically
modified organism on your organizer.
REVIEW
• Genetic Engineering
– Relatively new process
performed within labs
– Manipulates or alters the
genetic makeup of
organisms
– Results in organisms with
new traits
• Selective Breeding
– Process has been around
for thousands of years
– Combines the best traits
of two organisms
– Results in organisms that
have the desirable traits
of their parents
Ticket out the Door
• On your device, login to
https://b.socrative.com
• Type in Room # 53388
#1- Name
• #2- What you learned (1-2 sentences)
#3- True or False? Genetic engineering
changes the DNA of an organism.
Formative Assessment
• Please write SB for selective breeding or GE
for genetic engineering.
• **Two answers will actually be both
SB/GE…can you determine which two?
Scientific Example or Fact
Farmers removed the gene in chicken DNA to make them grow featherless.
This process attempts to combines the best traits of 2 parents.
Dog breeders wanted to breed a dog that would run fast but also be born with long,
shiny fur, looking for the best characteristics from the parents.
Scientists take out a gene for bioluminescence from a jellyfish and put that gene into
a mouse’s DNA to see if it will have a glowing effect.
This process is relatively new and done in science labs.
This process manipulates or alters the genes/DNA of organisms.
This results in organisms with new traits.
English Shorthorn cattle, which produced good beef were bred with Brahman cattle
from India to make the offspring both tasty and resistant to heat and humidity.
This process has been around for thousands of years.
Scientists removed a gene for fat in bison to make them leaner.
This results in organisms with desirable traits from both parents
GE or SB?
Scientific Example or Fact
GE or SB?
1. Farmers removed the gene in chicken DNA to make them grow featherless.
GE
2. This process attempts to combines the best traits of 2 parents.
SB
3. Dog breeders wanted to breed a dog that would run fast but also be born with
long, shiny fur, looking for the best characteristics from the parents.
SB
4. Scientists take out a gene for bioluminescence from a jellyfish and put that gene
into a mouse’s DNA to see if it will have a glowing effect.
GE
5. This process is relatively new and done in science labs.
GE
6. This process manipulates or alters the genes/DNA of organisms.
BOTH
7. This results in organisms with new traits.
BOTH
8. English Shorthorn cattle, which produced good beef were bred with Brahman
cattle from India to make the offspring both tasty and resistant to heat and humidity.
SB
9. This process has been around for thousands of years.
SB
10. Scientists removed a gene for fat in bison to make them leaner.
GE
11. This results in organisms with desirable traits from both parents
SB