Transcript File - St Micks Science

Friday, 08 April 2016
Terminal Exam Revision
We are learning that…..
We will be able to….
1. Collect A3 paper, 2 x
felts
2. Complete Additional
Biology revision
questions
Ex study for Tuesday
• Revise
• Revise
• Revise
• Revise
• Revise
Topics we have covered…
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Cells and simple transport
Tissues, organs and organ systems
Photosynthesis
Distribution of organisms
Proteins their function and uses
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Cell division and inheritance
Speciation
What do you know?
• For the following numbered slides, write
down what you know in as much
detail as possible using key
words/descriptions
1
A
B
D
C
E
F
Cytoplasm –
Chemical reactions
happen here
2
Ensure you know all cells parts
& functions including
ribosomes & mitochondria
3
4
5
Red blood cells
•
•
•
•
Large surface area.
Small diameter.
No nucleus.
Contain haemoglobin.
6
Gland cells
• Large cells.
• Lie next to blood
capillaries.
• Able to manufacture
and secrete
chemicals.
7
Palisade cells
• Large surface area.
• Many tightly packed
chloroplasts.
8
Root hair cells
• Thin membrane.
• Large surface area.
9
Key words…..
Concentration gradient
High concentration
Low concentration
Diffusion
Particles
HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE RATE OF
DIFFUSION?
WHERE DOES IT OCCUR WITHIN THE
HUMAN BODY?
Have loop of DNA
Have capsule both of these are not found in
plant & animal cells
Larger than bacterial cells
Similar structure to plant or
bacterial cells but cell wall made
of CHITIN
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
Ensure you can define a
cell, tissue, organ, organ
system
Blood
Heart
Brain
Bone
Kidney
Circulatory
Epithelial
Lung
Digestive
Muscle
Skin
Glandular
Small intestine
Nervous
Stomach
Skeletal
mouth
tongue
Salivary glands
gullet
windpipe
liver
stomach
Gall bladder
Bile duct
small intestine
appendix
pancreas
colon
Large
rectum intestine
anus
Ensure you know the 3 tissues within
the stomach & each tissues role &
adaptations
The stomach is an
organ that has several
different types of
tissue working
Key tissues you need to learn
about…..what are their functions?
Mesophyll
Epidermal tissue – protects organs,
Epidermal
found on outside of plant organs
A vascular bundle is made up of the
cell
xylem & phloem
Xylem – carries water 7 minerals.
Thickened cell walls, strong to
support plant
Phloem – carries sugars. Living
tissues
Palisade mesophyll cells contains
LOTS of chloroplasts for????
Xylem and phloem
tissue
Most
chlorophyll
Ensure you know the structure of
the leaf & what features each part
has eg waxy cuticle - waterproof
CO2
11
Leaves have……….
Large surface area
Veins
Green
Thin
Ensure you can explain WHY
12
light energy
carbon
dioxide
water
glucose
oxygen
C6H12O6
O2
chlorophyll
CO2
H2O
Limiting factors
Photosynthesis and light – limiting factors
rate of photosynthesis
How does the amount of light affect the
rate of photosynthesis on this labelled
graph?
1 As the amount of light
increases, so does the
rate. The limiting factor
2
is light.
2
Here, increasing the
amount of light has no
affect on the rate. The
1
limiting factor is now
carbon dioxide or
temperature.
light intensity
What must be increased
for the rate to increase?
Photosynthesis and carbon dioxide – limiting factors
rate of photosynthesis
How does the amount of carbon dioxide affect
the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled
graph?
1 As the amount of carbon
dioxide goes up, so
does the rate. The
2
limiting factor is carbon
dioxide.
2 Here, increasing the
amount of carbon
dioxide has no affect on
the rate. Light or warmth
1
is now the limiting
factor.
concentration of
What must be increased
carbon dioxide
for the rate to increase?
rate of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis and temperature – limiting factors
How does temperature affect the rate
of photosynthesis on this labelled
graph?
11. As temperature
increases, so does the
rate because
photosynthetic enzymes
work best in the warmth.
Here, the limiting factor
2
is temperature.
2 Most plant enzymes are
1
destroyed at about 45°C.
Here, photosynthesis
stops and the rate falls to
0oC temperature 45oC
zero.
What is the limiting
factor?
How is glucose stored?
• Glucose used for r………
• Energy from respiration is used to make
complex carbohydrates such as c……..
• Used to make p…….. along with minerals
from the soil (n…….)
• Energy from respiration used to make f…
& o…. stored in seeds
• Glucose is stored as s…… as starch is
insoluble, eg potatoes, carrots, onions
How are optimum conditions
maintained for maximum yield??
Paraffin heaters provide warmth/carbon dioxide
Artificial lights
Ventilation to control temperature
Watering system
Quadrat? Transect?
Take random samples - avoid bias
Ensure you take enough samples for size of area
– more valid/ increase reproducibility
Ensure you know what quadrats are used for
What is a transect?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mean
Mode
Median
What factors affect the
distribution of organisms?
Organisms need resources! What abiotic
factors may affect their distribution?
• Physical factors (ABIOTIC) may affect the
distribution of organisms, including:
– Temperature
– Amount of light
– Availability of:
•
•
•
•
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Nutrients
A quick maths reminder
• Define the following
terms in as few
words as possible,
then find them for
these numbers:
249352425
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Mean
Mode
Median
Range
 Mean: add up all the numbers
and then divide by the number
of numbers (answer: 36/9 = 4)
 Mode: the value that occurs
most often (answer: 2)
 Median: the "middle" value in
the list of numbers when they
are arranged in numerical order
(answer: 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 9)
 Range: the difference between
the largest and smallest values
(answer: 9 – 2 = 7)
Friday, 08 April 2016
Terminal Exam Revision
We are learning that…..
We will be able to….
Collect A3 paper, 2 x felts
Exam questions
Revise!!!!
During revision tomorrow
periods 5 & 6 we will be
completing a past paper
Proteins….what do you know
about them?
• Made of elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
• Made of amino acids
• Used to make hormones,
antibodies and catalysts
• Enzymes
22
Active site
Enzyme-substrate complex
Activation energy
23
If the temperature or pH is changed,
the shape
of the active site is altered. The
substrate can
No longer fit into the active site so no
product is made
24
At low temperatures the reaction between
enzymes & substrate will happen more
slowly as there is less energy
If the temperature becomes too high….
25
How does the shape of the
enzyme aid the rate of
respiration?
Role of stomach in digestion?
The stomach produces hydrochloric
acid to provide the right conditions for
stomach enzymes to work effectively
Digestion….
Large insoluble food molecules are
broken down into smaller, soluble food
molecules so that they can diffuse into
the bloodstream
Bloodstream
26
27
The digestive enzymes
Enzyme
Carbohydrase
Protease
Lipase
Made in? Food group
it acts upon
Parts of
digestive
system it
works in
27 cont’ The digestive enzymes
Enzyme
Made in? Food group
it acts upon
Carbohydrase Mouth,
pancreas,
(amylase)
Parts of
digestive
system it
works in
Carbohydrates
Mouth, small
intestine
small
intestine
Protease
Stomach,
pancreas,
small
intestine
Protein
Stomach,
small intestine
Lipase
Pancreas,
small
intestine
Lipids
(fats)
Small
intestine
28
Bile…
Made in the?
Stored in the?
Works on?......by…………
29
Uses of enzymes in industry
Isomerase….glucose
fructose…sweeter
Advantages & disadvantages of using
30
enzymes in industry
Advantages
• Enzymes used at low
temperatures so
industries cheap to run
• Can work at low
pressures
• Efficient catalysts
• Using pure enzymes are
more expensive but they
do not use any substrate
in their process
Disadvantages
• Enzymes very sensitive
to pH & temperature
changes. Costs money to
control these conditions
• Whole microbes used to
make enzymes must be
supplied with food &
oxygen to grow & waste
products must be
removed
What is the energy produced by respiration required for?
To build larger molecules from smaller ones
For muscle contraction (movement)
Maintain body temperature
7
• Equations for aerobic respiration
• Heart rate and breathing rate increase
• Blood flow to the muscles is increased
(as well as the supply of sugar and
oxygen), and the rate of removal of
carbon dioxide is increased.
• Arteries dilate/blood flow increase
• Muscle cells/mitochondria
• Glycogen – carbohydrate store
Respiration
8
rest
exercise
stops
oxygen
levels
exercise
time
Anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
Oxygen debt
Lactic acid
carbon dioxide and water
Extra oxygen used to oxidise lactic acid
33
Explain the relationship between
these parts
34
Mitosis – cell division for growth
Same number of chromosomes
Eg skin cells
35
Stem cells are UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS
Can be grown into different cell types
Moral issues…why?
Ensure you can say pros/cons with a conclusion
36
Meiosis
Used for production of gametes
Number of chromosomes of cells
produced is halved
Takes place in ovaries & testes
37
Mendel
Discovered dominant & recessive characteristics
before microscopes invented
38
Key words;
• Allele
• Homologous
• Heterozygous
• Diploid
• Haploid
39
X chromosome
Y chromosome
Inheritance of sex
40
Cystic fibrosis, a disorder of cell
membranes, is caused by a
recessive allele.
Polydactyly, having extra fingers or toes, is
caused by a dominant allele.
Fossils
Which type of organisms do not fossilise?
How are they formed?
Why don’t they provide all the evidence?
11
What does this slide represent?
Extinction can be caused by????
New predators
Competition
Disease
Pollution
Human activity
Environmental change
Speciation
Alleles
Isolation
Characteristics
Mutation
Original species
Environmental change
Can you explain it in terms of alleles?
Today….
1. B2 exam
2. Complete exam paper
IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in
silence, no communication
3. We will mark the tests
4. Marks will be recorded & grades
awarded
5. Complete B2 exam questions – take
mark scheme if wanted
Now….
1. Complete enzymes exam questions
2. Create revision resources/make notes
using your revision packs
3. Collect & complete inheritance exam
questions
1.
Today….
Title = ‘B2 exam’
2. Complete test
IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in
silence, no communication
3. We will mark the tests
4. Marks will be recorded & grades
awarded
Grade boundaries
• 64% - A*
• 57% - A
• 44% - B
• 33% - C
• 26% - D
If time allows…
• Complete questions for each topic in your
revision pack
• There are pre-test & end of chapter
questions for each topic
Key words – list the key words
for this topic….
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Gene
Chromosome
DNA
Mitosis
Fertilisation
Gamete
Meiosis
Mutation
Inherit
Mendel
Homologous
Heterozygous
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Diploid
Haploid
Dominant
Recessive
Cystic fibrosis
Stem cell
Differentiation
Embryo
Cell division
Allele
Fossil
Speciation
Extinction
Key word chop
Homo
tyly
Spec
Polydac
Gen
Isol
inant
Char
Ph
zygous
All
iation
Hetero
ele
otype
essive
zygous
Dom
Rec
ation
Question 4 answers
Use good grammar, punctuation, there are points FOR &
AGAINST using adult stem cells & not embryonic stem
cells. DIFFERENCES between adult & embryonic are
explained
Examples include
• Stem cells are able to change into the types of cell
• Stem cells can be removed from adults eg bone marrow
• Embryonic stem cells are taken from early embryos before cells
have started to change
• Unethical as embryo is destroyed
• Risk of cancer with embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells have been used safely for 40 years
• Used to treat Leukaemia (or other examples)
• Patients have been shown to improve from nervous disorder
conditions
• Accept other relevant points from doctor’s statement
Key words – list the key words
for this topic….
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•
•
•
Fossils
Speciation
Isolation
Mutation
Mark your speciation practice
test homework
• Use the mark scheme to do
this….
Revise for 15 minutes from
BBC Bitesize
• KS4 science
• AQA Additional
• Speciation
Key word chop
Evi
ease
Nat
ation
Am
Ext
Var
tralia
Pred
dence
Aus
Dis
Isol
inction
iation
Foss
ilisation
ators
ural
ber
selection
Question 4 answers
Use good grammar, punctuation,
Examples include
• Two populations of a species become separated
(geographical separation) (1)
• Population has a wide range of alleles (genes)
(1)
• There is variation within a population (1)
• Some characteristics will be an advantage (1)
• Organisms survive & breed (1)
• Populations remain separate for a long time (1)
• Populations become different (1)
• Can no longer interbreed (1)
Review your test mark
• Write grade on test sheet at
front of book
• Do ** & a wish on your
checklist or on the next
page in your book under
today’s date
Terminal Exam Revision
I will be able to test my knowledge on
the topics I have covered this year
I will understand key concepts for each
topic covered in Additional Biology
Friday, 08 April 2016
Inheritance test
We are learning…..
• Cell division
• Genetic variation
• Genetic disorders
• Speciation
We will be able to….
All: revise the topic of
inheritance & speciation
Most: achieve target grade in
inheritance test
Some: exceed target grade in
inheritance test
Friday, 08 April 2016
B2 June 2012 exam
We are learning…..
• Old and new species
• Evidence for early forms
of life comes from fossils.
• Causes of extinction
• New species arise as a
result of isolation (HT
only – genetic variation,
natural selection and
speciation).
We will be able to….
All: revise the topic of B2
Most: achieve target grade on
B2 exam
Some: exceed target grade in
B2 exam
Ex study for January 2013
• Revise ALL work for a B2
exam
• Use BBC Bitesize, KS4
science, AQA Additional
Remember!!!!!
• Your Biology exam is on
nd
Tuesday January 22
• Revise!!!!
1.
Today….
Title = ‘B2 exam’
2. Complete test
IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in
silence, no communication
3. We will mark the tests
4. Marks will be recorded & grades
awarded