Transcript Understanding Cancer powerpoint

Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
•Illustrate what cancer is
•Explain the link between genes and cancer
•Discover causes, detection and diagnosis
techniques
Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D., Donna Kerrigan,
M.S., Jeanne Kelly, Brian Hollen
Decide with your partner
What Is Cancer?
• In your own words,
create a definition
for cancer.
• Cancer - A disease
in which abnormal
cells divide
uncontrollably and
destroy body tissue
(mayoclinic.com)
Different Kinds of Cancer
Cancer can originate almost anywhere in the body
Some common
carcinomas:
Lung
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
Some common
sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
Naming Cancers
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Prefix
Meaning
adeno-
gland
chondro-
cartilage
erythro-
red blood cell
hemangio- blood vessels
hepato-
liver
lipo-
fat
lympho-
lymphocyte
melano-
pigment cell
myelo-
bone marrow
myo-
muscle
osteo-
bone
Dogs
Tell your
partner where
the cancer,
myeloma,
will be
located.
Loss of Normal Growth Control
Normal
cell division
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Cancer
cell division
First
mutation
Second
mutation
Third
Fourth or
mutation later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Example of Normal Growth
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
Dividing cells
in basal layer
Cell migration
Dermis
The Beginning of Cancerous Growth
• During the development
of skin cancer, the
normal balance between
cell division and cell loss
is disrupted. The basal
cells now divide faster
than is needed to
replenish the cells being
shed from the surface of
the skin.
Underlying tissue
Think – Pair – Share
• What is the difference between normal cell
division and cancer cell division?
Tumors (Neoplasms)
• The gradual increase
in the number of
dividing cells creates
a growing mass of
tissue called a tumor
(neoplasm)
Underlying tissue
HORSES
Explain to
your partner
how a tumor
is formed.
Invasion and Metastasis
1
Cancer cells invade
surrounding tissues
and blood vessels
2
Cancer cells are
transported by the
circulatory system
to distant sites
3
Cancer cells
reinvade and grow
at new location
Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer)
tumor cells grow
only locally and cannot
spread by invasion or
metastasis
Time
Malignant (cancer)
cells invade
neighboring tissues,
enter blood vessels,
and metastasize to
different sites
Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous
Brain
Melanoma
cells travel
through
bloodstream
Liver
Melanoma
(initial tumor)
Genes and Cancer
Viruses
Chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Chromosomes
are DNA
molecules
DNA Structure
Chemical
bases
A
C
DNA molecule
T
G
THINK – PAIR - SHARE
• What are the different types of mutations
possible for DNA?
DNA Mutation
DNA
CA AG C T A A C T
Normal gene
CA AG C G A A C T
Single base change
CA A G G CG C T A A C T
Additions
C
T
CA A G A A C T
Deletions
Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes
Normal cell
Normal
genes
regulate
cell growth
Proto-Oncogenes –
genes that could
lead to unregulated
cell
growth/reproduction
if damaged
Cancer cell
Oncogenes
accelerate
cell growth
and division
Mutated/damaged = oncogene
Oncogenes damaged protooncogenes
Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth
Normal Growth-Control Pathway
Growth factor
Receptor
Signaling enzymes
Transcription
factors
Cell nucleus
DNA
Cell proliferation
Oncogenes are
Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes
Inactive growth factor receptor
Inactive intracellular
signaling protein
Signaling protein from active oncogene
Activated gene
regulatory protein
Transcription
Cell proliferation driven by
internal oncogene signaling
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normal
genes
prevent
cancer
Normal cell
Remove or inactivate
tumor suppressor genes
Cancer cell
Damage to
both genes
leads to
cancer
Mutated/inactivated
tumor suppressor genes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Act Like a Brake Pedal
Tumor Suppressor
Gene Proteins
Growth factor
Receptor
Signaling
enzymes
Cell nucleus
Transcription
factors
DNA
Cell proliferation
Tumor
Suppressor
Genes genes that
instruct cells
to produce
proteins that
restrain cell
growth and
division
p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein
Triggers Cell Suicide
p53 protein
Normal cell
Excessive DNA damage
Cell suicide
(Apoptosis)
In cells that have undergone DNA damage, the p53
protein acts like a brake pedal to halt cell growth
and division. If the damage cannot be repaired, the
p53 protein eventually initiates cell suicide
DNA Repair Genes
Normal DNA repair
T C GA C
Base pair
mismatch
No cancer
TC T AC
AG C T G
TC TAC
TCT AC
AG C T G
Cancer
AG
TG
AG A T G
No DNA repair
Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations
Benign tumor cells
grow only locally and
cannot spread by
invasion or metastasis
Malignant cells invade
neighboring tissues, enter
blood vessels, and
metastasize to different sites
Time
Mutation
Cells
inactivates proliferate
suppressor
gene
Mutations
inactivate
DNA repair
genes
Proto-oncogenes
mutate to
oncogenes
More mutations,
more genetic
instability,
metastatic
disease
Mutations and Cancer
Genes Implicated in Cancer
Design an animated comic strip
Design a comic strip with your partner. It should show the process of how a cell changes from
having normal cell growth and reproduction to cancerous cell growth.
You must include the following terms:
•Proto-Oncogenes
•Oncogenes
•Tumor Suppressor Genes
•Apoptosis
•Cell Cycle
•Mutations
•Uncontrolled Growth
Cancerous cells vs. Noncancerous
Cells
Lung Cancer Cells
Abnormal
Skin Cancer
Normal skin cell layers