Transcript Human Biotechnology

Human
Biotechnology
Human
Biotechnology
• is about you and me, not about other
creatures on Earth
• could a perfect person be in the near
future
• we are not sure if we want one, or if
we do, what traits we would want
The Human Organism
• humans are similar to other
animals, but major differences
• scientific name of human = Homo
Sapiens
• first Homo Sapiens on earth300,000 to 400,000years ago
• each body cell of a human has 46
chromosomes
The Human Organism
• human consists of cells, tissue,
organs, organ systems
• humans are primates (180 species
of animals are primates), but still
quite different
• organ systems do a lot of work
(e.g. the heart - at age of 70 it has
pumped 46 million gallons)
The Human Organism
• heart failure is leading cause of the
human death
• skeleton protects the internal
organs
• ligaments are tissues that hold the
skeleton together
• skin covers the body and maintains
the body temperature
The Human Organism
• nerve endings in skin sense pain,
cold, heat…
• brain provides response to these
conditions
• muscles provide movement
• cells must have nutrients to
correctly function
1. By the age of 70 the human heart
has pumped ______ gallons
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A. 40 million
B. 46 billion
C. 46 million
D. 5 trillion
2. __________ is the leading cause
of human death
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A. renal failure
B. heart failure
C. kidney failure
D. cancer
3. The first Homo sapiens were
found on earth _______ years ago
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A. 200,000 – 250,000
B. 300,000-400,000
C. 30,000-40,000
D. 25 - 30
The Human Organism
• digestive system breaks food into
useful substances
• respiratory system provides oxygen
to the body and rids it of carbon
dioxide
• gas exchange with the blood occurs
in the lungs
The Human Organism
• circulatory system (heart, blood
vessels) carries oxygen from the
lungs for the cells and brings
wastes to the lungs and kidneys
• urinary system removes certain
wastes from blood and flushes
them from the body
The Human Organism
• wastes move to urinary bladder and
is squeezed from the body through
the urethra
• reproductive systems vary with
gender
• mammary system develops in
females (milk for babies)
Life Process
• includes growth and repair,
obtaining food and nutrients,
circulation, respiration, secretion,
sensation movement, and
elimination
• reproduction - human continues as
new generations
4. The function of the circulatory
system is to :
A. carry oxygen from the lungs for the cells
B. Remove wastes from the blood and flush
them from the body
C. Bring wastes to the lungs and kidneys
D. Both A and C
5. Life processes include growth,
repair, circulation, obtaining food
and nutrients and______
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A. respiration
B. secretion
C. sensation movement
D. elimination
E. All of the above
Life Process
• humans have high developed brain
and gives us the abilities to speak,
to reason, to create technology
• to stand up right, to walk on two
legs distinguish us from the
primates
• humans live longer and develop
slower
Human Development
• is the progressive maturation of an
individual from birth until death
• culture consists of the ways
individuals have developed to go
about life
• characteristics are transmitted from
one to another generation
Developmental Stages
• combination of biological
and cultural advancement has
several developmental stages
Developmental Stages
• common stages are:
-Infancy
-Preschool
-Child Years
-Teenage Years
-Adulthood
Biotech Supports
Development
• used to promote health
• ethical decisions are involved
• people vary about the view of
biotech
Human Genomics
• is all of the genes that comprise the
genetic makeup of humans
• is the total genetic composition of
humans
• efforts are now underway to
identify all genomes
• will allow isolation, treatment,
replacement of defective ones
Human Genome
Project
• (HGP) is an international effort of
involving scientists, educators,
students in locating and identifying
every human gene
• large task
• will provide insight into evolution
4 Approaches to HGP
• 1. Genetic mapping
• 2. Physical mapping
• 3. Sequencing
• 4. Analyzing genomes of other
species
6. The Human Genome Project
• A. involves scientists from the US
• B. Involves research in Canada
• C. Is a comprehensive research project of
international scope
• D. None of these
Background
• Human Genome Organization
(HUGO) is an international group
that coordinates HGP
• formed in 1988
• Canada, Italy, France, UK, USA
are active
• efforts with mice, bacteria, plants
Background
• 3 bacterial genomes have been
completed
• progress has been more rapid
than expected
• widespread use of HGP
information in 2010
7. HUGO was formed in what year?
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A. 1492
B. 1776
C. 2006
D. 1988
Findings
• human organism has about 100,000
genes
• has 23 pairs of chromosomes…22
autosomal chromosome pairs and 1
sex chromosome pair ( YY or XX)
• more than 3 billion base pairs in
haploid genome
8. The human organism has about
____ genes that have been mapped
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A. 100,000
B. 10,000
C. 100,000,000,000
D. 1,000,000,000
9. There are more than ____ base
pairs in a haploid genome
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A. 23 pair
B. 3.5 million
C. 3 trillion
D. 3 billion
Findings
• an autosome is a chromosome that is
not sex chromosome
• physical maps show locations of and
distances between genes and DNA
fragments
• genetic linkage map shows the
relative arrangement and distance
between genes
• then DNA gets sequenced
Helping Humans live
better
• scientist have been manipulating
genes at the molecular level
• these efforts improve human well
being
• down’s syndrome is a disease in
which a baby is born with an extra
chromosome
Helping Humans live
better
• 1 in 600- 800 babies is born with
Down’s Syndrome
• having a baby with Down’s Syndrome
increase with the mother’s age
• small head, enlarged tongue, eyes that
slant upward
• many die within year
• no treatments available
10. Down’s Syndrome is caused by:
• A. a genetic mutation
• B. Taking medications during pregnancy
• C. The child has one too many
chromosomes
• D. The child has one too few chromosomes
Gene Therapy
• is the transfer of genes to a human
organism
• make up of a human is altered
• procedure is controversial
• once therapy is done, the human is
a GMO (genetically modified
organism)
Vaccine
• help the body to recognize and
fight disease
• use weakened or killed germs for a
virus to introduce antigen proteins
attached to a virus
• body builds resistance
• vaccine for hepatitis is made by
inserting the gene responsible for
this antigen into yeast cells
Vaccine
• each yeast cell makes a copy of
itself and the antigen gene
• antigen is later purified
• when injected into the body,
antigen stimulates the production
of antibodies that combat hepatitis
11. Vaccines help the body to:
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A. Build Antigens to fight off Antibodies
B. Build up Antibodies to fight off Antigens
C. Increase Antigens in the system
D. None of these
Prosthetics
• is the use of artificial parts of the
human body
• includes the study and use of
mechanical devises to replace or
supplement natural human parts
• that includes joint replacements,
heart peacemakers, intraocular
lenses
Prosthetics
• a dialysis machine is a kind of
prosthesis that performs functions
normal kidneys would do in
removing wastes from blood
• biocompatibility - implanted
devices must be mechanically fit
for the purpose and not rejected by
the body
Prosthetics
• externally used devices must
provide the appropriate mechanical
action and support
• carpal tunnel syndrome is a
condition that develops when
people do the same activities over
and over
• mechanical devices are used to
promote healing
Diagnostics
• is the identification of a human
health problem or other
conditions
• knowing the approach to use in
treating disease requires
accurate diagnosis of condition
Genomics and
Computers
• diagnosis relies on human
genetic information
• computer databases are being
used in diagnostics
• help matching genes with health
conditions
Microdissection and
Molecular Analysis
• Microdissection is a method of
obtaining pure cells from diseased
sections of tissue
• is often used to test for
precancerous cells or invading
cancer cells
Microdissection and
Molecular Analysis
• molecular analysis can be used to
study the cells for evidence of
disease
• allows comparison with diseased
DNA stored in microdissected
libraries or bulk tissue libraries