Transcript 4.2.08 105 lecture

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EXAM II
Transcription and Translation
"Molecular" Genetics
"Classical" Genetics
Regulation of Gene Expression
DNA Replication
Genomics and Proteomics
EXAM III
Molecular Development
Molecular Development
Chapters 8-12, parts of 2, 3
Chapters 4, 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 13
Chapter 18
Chapter 14
Chapter 20
Chapters 4,13-16,18
Chapter 22
Cumulative Final Exam: Wednesday, May 7th, 10:45-12:45, room 303 Payson-Smith
Jabberwocky
`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
1) All living things are composed of cells*
2) All cells come from pre-existing cells*
* The Cell Theory
3) All cells exist in a water environment
4) All cells are bounded by a membrane
5) All cells have similar chemistrys (proteins, proteins,
proteins)
6) DNA is the primary heritable molecule (DNA’s BIG job
is to code for proteins)
7) The concept of gene regulation and totipotency
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
The genotype is the plan (blueprint) for creating an organism. For example, your genotype is the entire
genetic information you inherited from your mom and your dad.
The phenotype is the output / result of using the genotype plan. The whole organism is the “phenotype”,
but we typically focus on a specific gene and refer to a specific phenotype for that gene (like the color of
your hair color, for example).
DNA is the primary heritable molecule for all cells. The genotype is the information stored in the DNA.
Genotype information is stored just like words in a book:
1)
It is physical – You can point to a word in a book and cut out with a scissors.
2)
It is linear – books are organized as a long line of letters that are read one after the other
3)
It has letters – there are four letters (nucleotides) in the DNA language: A,G,C, and T
4)
It is organized into clusters of information – the line of letters in a book is organized into
units of information called words, DNA information is broken up into units of information
called genes.
5)
Just like a word, a gene has more meaning than just a series of letters.
Chapter 4 introduces the chemical structure of DNA and RNA
Chapter 15 sort of introduces the concept of the gene.
DNA replication is covered in Chapter 14. We’ll talk about it in a couple of weeks.
The DNA is also (unzipped, denatured, melted) during gene transcription.
Transcription is covered in chapters 16 and 18. We’ll talk about it in a couple of weeks.
Symbol 3-letter
------ -------A
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
V
W
Y
*
Ala
Cys
Asp
Glu
Phe
Gly
His
Ile
Lys
Leu
Met
Asn
Pro
Gln
Arg
Ser
Thr
Val
Trp
Tyr
STOP
Meaning
-------
Codons
------
Alanine
Cysteine
Aspartic
Glutamic
Phenylalanine
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Lysine
Leucine
Methionine
Asparagine
Proline
Glutamine
Arginine
Serine
Threonine
Valine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Terminator
GCT,GCC,GCA,GCG
TGT,TGC
GAT,GAC
GAA,GAG
TTT,TTC
GGT,GGC,GGA,GGG
CAT,CAC
ATT,ATC,ATA
AAA,AAG
TTG,TTA,CTT,CTC,CTA,CTG
ATG
AAT,AAC
CCT,CCC,CCA,CCG
CAA,CAG
CGT,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGG
TCT,TCC,TCA,TCG,AGT,AGC
ACT,ACC,ACA,ACG
GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG
TGG
TAT, TAC
TAA,TAG,TGA
This is what genetic information looks like in a chromosome.
ACCAGTGCATCGATCGATTTCGATCGATGCATGCCGCGATCGATGCATGCCGCGCGATCTAGG
In this artificial example, there are four “genes” shown but they are hard to spot
because we don’t know the language. We can change the letters to our alphabet:
ADFTHEBCRDFOURTHNDSFOXLLVSSECONDOPSQUICKIIIFIRSTTOTHESTHIRDXZAPBROWN
The genes are organized in a line just like words in a book but the words are still
hard to spot because the spaces between words are filled with random letters.
ADFTKEBCRDFOURTHNDSFOXLLVSSECONDOPSQUICKIIIFIRSTTPTHESTHIRDXZAPBROWN
Also, the words are not in the correct order for the story. The promoter is a part
of each gene that tells what order the words are used in the story. The promoter
tells where, when, and how much transcription should be done.
ADFTHEBCRDFOURTHNDSFOXLLVSSECONDOPSQUICKIIIFIRSTTOTHESTHIRDXZAPBROWN
So the words get read out in the proper order:
ADFTHEBCRDFOURTHNDSFOXLLVSSECONDOPSQUICKIIIFIRSTTOTHESTHIRDXZAPBROWN
THE QUICK BROWN FOX
Genes that code for proteins that have related jobs, like the LDL receptor and LDL
protein for example, aren’t located next to each other on the chromosome. Their
position on the chromosomes doesn’t matter because the promoters control when,
where, and how much to make.
transcription unit - the part of a gene that gets copied (transcribed) by RNA polymerase
coding region – For genes that make (encode) proteins, the coding region is part of the transcription unit.
The coding region is the genetic information in the DNA that tells the specific structure (primary amino
acid sequence) of the protein to be made. The aquaporin protein has a specific structure due to the primary
amino acid sequence and the specific structure of a protein gives each protein a specific function. Again,
the coding region provides the information for the primary acid sequence of the protein to be made.
promoter – the genetic information in the DNA that tells where, when, and how much the gene should
be expressed.
You inherited one copy of each of your genes from your mom and one from your dad. The genes from
your mom and dad are similar but not identical.
30/60 = 50 +10 = 60
30 is the number of questions you got right.
60 is the total number of questions.
50 is your percentage out of 100
10 is the points you got for your notes (10 points maximum).
60 is your total score and is circled. Compare that
with what other students got.
100
98
96 *
94
92 *
90 *
88 ***
86 *
84 *
82 **
80 **
78
76 ***
74 **
72 **
70 *****
68
66 **
64 ***
62 *
MEAN =
63
60 ***
58
56
54 **
52 *
50 **
48 *
46 *
44 *****
42 ***
40 *
38
36 **
100
98
96 *
94
92 *
90 *
88 ***
86 *
84 *
82 **
80 **
78
76 ***
74 **
72 **
70 *****
68
66 **
64 ***
62 *
60 ***
58
56
54 **
52 *
50 **
48 *
46 *
44 *****
42 ***
40 *
38
36 **
A
_____
A_____
B+
_____
B
_____
C+
_____
C
_____
C_____
D+
_____
D
_____
D_____
F
MEAN = 63