Transcript Blood Type - Kenwood Academy High School

Do Now—5.22.15

Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ?

What are the four components of blood?

What blood type do you have?

What are the four types of blood people can
have?
Do Now—5.22.15
Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ?
Connective tissue
 What are the four components of blood?
RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma
 What blood type do you have?


What are the four types of blood people can
have?
Do Now—5.22.15
Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ?
Connective tissue
 What are the four components of blood?
RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma
 What blood type do you have?


What are the four types of blood people can
have?
Do Now—5.22.15
Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ?
Connective tissue
 What are the four components of blood?
RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma
 What blood type do you have?


What are the four types of blood people can
have? Type A, B, AB, and O
Objective
 SWBAT
determine proper and
improper blood transfusion pairings.
 SWBAT
predict blood genotypes
using Punnett Squares and
pedigrees.
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
Activity 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
Introduction
Jane Doe is in the hospital recovering from a car crash. She needs blood, but the
blood bank is extremely low. Members of her family have offered to donate, but none
of them know their blood type. Jane’s brother Tom, sister Mary, mother Harriett, and
Grandpa Ed (her mom’s father) are local and are all willing to be tested. Jane’s other
sister Sue is away at college, but she is going to have her blood tested at school and
have the results sent to the hospital. Jane’s father, John and Grandmother Mona
(her mom’s mother) have passed away. Their blood types remain unknown.
There are four types of human blood – type A, type B, type AB and type O. Only
certain blood types are compatible with one another and can be safely transferred
from person to person in a transfusion. In this activity, you will learn what controls
blood type as well as what determines if your blood will “mix well” with that of
another person’s. The body has an innate need to protect itself and if something
foreign is introduced, it will attack.
Blood Composition
 RBC—carry
oxygen
and carbon dioxide
 WBC—immunity
 Platelets—clotting
 Plasma—fluid that
carries other
components
Blood Composition
 RBC—carry
oxygen
and carbon dioxide
 WBC—immunity
 Platelets—clotting
 Plasma—fluid that
carries other
components
Blood Composition
 RBC—carry
oxygen
and carbon dioxide
 WBC—immunity
 Platelets—clotting
 Plasma—fluid that
carries other
components
Blood Composition
 RBC—carry
oxygen
and carbon dioxide
 WBC—immunity
 Platelets—clotting
 Plasma—fluid that
carries other
components
Blood Composition
 RBC—carry
oxygen
and carbon dioxide
 WBC—immunity
 Platelets—clotting
 Plasma—fluid that
carries other
components
Blood Composition
get a paper cut – describe what
each component of blood would be
doing at the injury site.
 You
Blood Types
 Type
A, B, AB, 0
Blood Types
Blood Types
Blood Types
Blood Types
the surface of the red blood cell. Blood type O does not have any antigens on the surface
of the red blood cell.
1) What are the four different blood groups? ____________________________________
Blood Types
Blood transfusions make it necessary to understanding the different antigens found on red
blood cells. A blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from one person into
another person’s circulatory system. Blood transfusions are useful when the recipient
loses a large amount of blood due to trauma or surgery. For blood transfusions to work,
the donated blood must match that of the recipient. If the blood is not matched, then the
immune system of the recipient will attack the donated blood.
O
AB
After birth, the immune system makes antibodies against the antigens not foundA,
on theAB
red blood cells. Antibodies are present on the B white blood cells. Below is a table
A, AB
containing information about antigens, antibodies and blood transfusions.
Blood
Type
A
B
AB
O
Red Blood
Cell Antigen
A
B
A, B
None
Antibodies
in Blood
anti-B
anti-A
None
anti-A, anti-B
Receive Blood
From
O, A
O, B
O, A, B, AB
O
Donate Blood
To
A, AB
B, AB
AB
O, A, B, AB
Blood Type
BLOOD
TYPE
CAN RECIVE
BLOOD FROM
A
A, O
B
B, O
AB
A, B, AB, O
O
O
 AB
= universal
acceptor
 O = universal
donor
Blood Type
Blood Types
Blood Types
AB
Two Point Extra Credit Challenge
Predict the blood type of each person using the
following information:
Bill can give blood to Joe, Mike, and Sue. Don can
give blood to Bob but not Bill. Bob can give blood
to Mike but not Joe. Tom can give blood to Kelly,
Sue, Don, and Mike. Kelly can give blood to Sue
and Bob, but not to Tom. Joe can give blood to
Mike but not Bob or Sue. Mike can get blood
from Sue and Bill, and give cannot blood to Joe.
Joe does not have an A antigen.
sister Sue is away at college, but she is going to have her blood tested at school and
have the results sent to the hospital. Jane’s father, John and Grandmother Mona
(her mom’s mother) have passed away. Their blood types remain unknown.
There are four types of human blood – type A, type B, type AB and type O. Only
certain blood types are compatible with one another and can be safely transferred
from person to person in a transfusion. In this activity, you will learn what controls
blood type as well as what determines if your blood will “mix well” with that of
another person’s. The body has an innate need to protect itself and if something
foreign is introduced, it will attack.
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
Anything that is foreign to the body and gets your immune system fired up is referred
to as an antigen. Antibodies are proteins in blood and lymph that seek out and bind
to specific antigens. These specialized proteins are one of the primary defenders in
your body’s army of immunity. Your body contains tons of antibodies, each designed
to target and destroy a specific antigen. Our red blood cells have antigens on their
surface that act to identify the type of cell. A person with blood type A has A antigens
on his/her red blood cells. What antigens do you think you would find on the red
blood cells of a person with B blood?
IGNORE
Someone who has the A antigen on his/her blood cells would not have Anti-A
antibodies circulating in his/her plasma, the liquid portion of blood. If he/she did, the
Anti-A antibodies would find and attack the red blood cells marked with the A
antigen. When this happens, the blood agglutinates or clumps. A person with the A
antigen does, however, have circulating anti-B antibodies. These antibodies do not
attack the red blood cells with the A antigen. But what if you introduced B blood cells
into the system? In the lab, you will use the rules of antigen/antibody interactions
and the presence of visible clumping to determine blood type.
In this activity, you will type the simulated blood of your patient as well as the blood
blood cells of a person with B blood?
Someone who has the A antigen on his/her blood cells would not have Anti-A
antibodies circulating in his/her plasma, the liquid portion of blood. If he/she did, the
Anti-A antibodies would find and attack the red blood cells marked with the A
antigen. When this happens, the blood agglutinates or clumps. A person with the A
antigen does, however, have circulating anti-B antibodies. These antibodies do not
attack the red blood cells with the A antigen. But what if you introduced B blood cells
into the system? In the lab, you will use the rules of antigen/antibody interactions
and the presence of visible clumping to determine blood type.
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
In this activity, you will type the simulated blood of your patient as well as the blood
of her family members. You will analyze the results and use your knowledge of
antigen/antibody interactions to determine who is a potential blood donor for Jane.
Accurate blood typing is essential for safe blood transfusions. Using information from
your blood typing tests, you will create a family pedigree for blood type and use
information on this genetic family tree to determine the blood type of those you could
not test. As you complete this task, you will learn about the interactions between
antigens and antibodies, and you will review basic principles of genetics and
inheritance.
IGNORE
Equipment
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Human Body Systems Activity 5.3.2 Transfusion Confusion– Page 1
access
·
·
Computer with Internet
WARD’S Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing Lab Activity kit
o Simulated blood samples (Jane, Mary, Tom, Harriett and Ed)
o Anti-A serum
o Anti-B serum
o Blood typing slides
o Mixing sticks
·
·
Laboratory journal
Safety goggles
Tom
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
Harriett
Ed
7. Put on safety goggles.
8. Starting with Jane and working one sample at a time, place two drops of
simulated blood in the A and the B wells of a clean blood typing slide.
IGNORE
9. Place two drops of Anti-A serum in the well labeled A.
10. Place two drops of Anti-B serum in the well labeled B.
11. Using a separate mixing stick for each well, mix the simulated blood and
antiserum for approximately ten seconds.
12. Carefully examine each well to see if the blood has clumped. If agglutination has
occurred, place a “+” in the appropriate box in the table. Remember that you will
only see agglutination if a specific antibody meets up with its specific antigen.
Record your observations and use the information to determine blood type.
13. Using a fresh tray for each sample, repeat steps 7-11 to determine the blood type
of the other family members.
14. Using information from the lab, determine who is able to donate blood to Jane.
Note that Sue just called in to let everyone know that she is blood type O. Refer
back to your initial table of blood types to help you decide.
15. Answer conclusion questions 2 and 3.
16. Note that blood typing results also reveal that everyone in the family is Rh
positive (Rh+). Research what this means in terms of antigens on the red blood
cells. Describe your findings in your laboratory journal.
Part II: Genetics of Blood Type
Record your observations and use the information to determine blood type.
13. Using a fresh tray for each sample, repeat steps 7-11 to determine the blood type
of the other family members.
14. Using information from the lab, determine who is able to donate blood to Jane.
Note that Sue just called in to let everyone know that she is blood type O. Refer
back to your initial table of blood types to help you decide.
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
15. Answer conclusion questions 2 and 3.
16. Note that blood typing results also reveal that everyone in the family is Rh
positive (Rh+). Research what this means in terms of antigens on the red blood
cells. Describe your findings in your laboratory journal.
Part II: Genetics of Blood Type
Remember that our chromosomes carry two alleles, or forms of a gene that provide the
code for each of our traits. We receive one allele from Mom and one allele from Dad.
Most traits are only coded for by two alleles, one that is dominant and one that is
recessive. Blood type, however, is controlled by three different alleles – the A allele
(usually designated IA), the B allele (usually designated as IB) and the O allele (usually
designated as i). Remember that dominant alleles are usually represented with a capital
letter and recessive alleles with a lower case letter. The A and the B allele are both
dominant so we call them codominant. Neither allele wins out over the other and is
expressed alone. The O allele is recessive and gets masked by either of the two
dominant alleles.
IGNORE
17. Note that phenotypes, traits we see, are controlled for by genotypes, the
combination of alleles we inherit from our parents. You know that there are four
different phenotypes for blood type (Type A, Type B, Type AB and Type O).
Since each person has two alleles for each trait (one from Mom and one from
Dad), what are the possible genotypes for each blood type? One of the
genotypes for Blood Type A has been filled in for you. Note that this genotype is
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Human Body Systems Activity 5.3.2 Transfusion Confusion– Page 3
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
considered homozygous. There are two of the same alleles. Note: There may be
more than one possible genotype for a given blood type.
o Blood Type A: IAIA
IGNORE
o Blood Type B:
o Blood Type AB:
o Blood Type O:
18. Review the possible genotypes with the class.
19. Remember that pedigrees are diagrams of family relationships that illustrate how
a particular trait is passed from person to person. Review the structure of
pedigrees at the following website:
o Clinton Community College – Pedigree Analysis
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/B
io%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Pedigree%20Analysis/PED
IGREE.HTM
20. In your laboratory journal, draw a pedigree that shows the distribution of blood
type in the Doe family. Remember that in a pedigree, men are represented by
o Blood Type O:
18. Review the possible genotypes with the class.
19. Remember that pedigrees are diagrams of family relationships that illustrate how
a particular trait is passed from person to person. Review the structure of
pedigrees at the following website:
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
o Clinton Community College – Pedigree Analysis
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/B
io%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Pedigree%20Analysis/PED
IGREE.HTM
20. In your laboratory journal, draw a pedigree that shows the distribution of blood
type in the Doe family. Remember that in a pedigree, men are represented by
squares and women are represented as circles. Use the sites listed in Step 18 to
find example pedigrees if you do not remember how they are structured.
IGNORE
21. Write the name of the individual underneath each square or circle in the
pedigree, and write the blood type inside of the shape.
22. Work with your partner to analyze your pedigree and to determine blood type for
John and Mona. You did not test their blood, but the pedigree will give you many
clues. You may be able to narrow it down to just one blood type or you may find
that there is more than one possibility. That is OK – take it as far as you can.
Describe your findings in your laboratory journal.
23. When you have determined the blood types for John and Mona, show your
answer to your teacher and explain your reasoning. If you are correct, add the
blood types to your pedigree. If you are incorrect, use clues your teacher gives
you to work out the correct solution.
24. Answer the remaining conclusion questions.
Conclusion
1. Explain why a person who has AB blood is considered the universal recipient.
Why can this person receive any other blood type?
Inheritance of Blood Types
Blood Type

Human Blood Type
 IA allele, IB allele,
and i allele
These alleles combine to
make blood Type A, Type B,
Type AB, and Type O
(four phenotypes).

BLOOD
TYPE
A
B
AB
O
GENOTYPE
Let’s Stop and Think…

What are the two allele combinations you
can have for type A blood?
– IAIA and Iai

What are the two allele combinations you
can have for type B blood?
– IBIB and IBi
Let’s Stop and Think…

What is the only allele combination you can
have for type AB blood?
– IAIB

What is the only allele combination you can
have for type O blood?
– ii
Blood Type

Human Blood Type
 IA allele, IB allele,
and i allele
These alleles combine to
make blood Type A, Type B,
Type AB, and Type O.

BLOOD
TYPE
GENOTYPE
A
IA I A , IA i
B
IB I B , IB i
AB
IA IB
O
ii
Which blood type are you if you
have…
 AA
–
Type A blood
 BB
–
(IBIB)
Type B blood
 AB
–
(IAIA)
(IAIB)
Type AB blood
 AO
–
Type A blood
 BO
–
(IBi)
Type B blood
 OO
–
(IAi)
(ii)
Type O blood
5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion
Name ___________________________________
Name: _______________________
Name ___________________________________
Date ___________________ P eriod _______
Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood
DateTypes
___________________ Period _______
Inheriting Blood Types
Blood type is an example of multiple
alleles
because
there
are
more than two alleles for the trait.
Inheriting Blood Types
Genes/alleles determine our traits. A trait is a feature or quality based on genes. Traits are inherited from
For blood
type, thedetermine
three alleles
produce
fourisphenotypes.
blood
type
(phenotype)
from the
Genes/alleles
our traits.
A trait
a feature
or Each
quality
based
Traits results
aretoinherited
from
our parents.
Inheritance
means traits
are passed
down
from one
generation
toon
thegenes.
next (parents
children).
our
parents.
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means
traits
are
passed
down
from
one
generation
to
the
next
(parents
to
children).
combination
of
two
of
the
alleles,
because
every
person
can
only
have
two
alleles
(one
from
mom
and
Dominant alleles mask (hide) or overpower the trait of the recessive allele. Recessive alleles are masked, orone
Dominant
alleles
mask
(hide)
orwas
overpower
trait
of
the
are
masked,
or
covered
whenever
the
dominant
allele
is the
present.
Genotype
is born,
theallele.
genetic
make
upalleles
(allele
letters)
an
fromup,
dad).
Your
blood
type
established
before
yourecessive
were
by Recessive
genes
inherited
from
your of
mother
covered
up,
whenever
the
dominant
allele
is
present.
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is
the
genetic
make
up
(allele
letters)
of
an
organism.
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is the
physical
upis(appearance)
of an
organism.
When
alleles are
the
same
andofboth
and father.
A blood
or bloodmake
group
a classification
oforganism.
blood based
on antigens
thesame
surface
red
organism.
Phenotype
is type
the
physical
make
up (appearance)
of an
When
alleles
areonthe
recessive,
then
it is called
homozygous
recessive.
When alleles
are the same
and both
dominant,
thenand
it isboth
called
recessive,
then
itThis
is called
homozygous
recessive.
When alleles
the samethe
and
both are
dominant,
then it is called
blood cells.
blood
type
has
different
alleles.
homozygous
dominant.
When
thegene
alleles
ofthree
an organism
are
theare
different,
alleles
called heterozygous.
homozygous dominant. When the alleles of an organism are the different, the alleles are called heterozygous.
Multiple alleles are when there are more than two alleles possible for a given gene. Each person still
Multiple alleles
A are when there are more than two alleles possible for a given gene. Each person still
· alleles
The I(one
allele
causes
the A
to be place
on type
the outside
of the red
blood cells.
only gets two
from
mother,
oneantigen
from father).
Blood
is an example
of multiple
alleles because
only gets two allelesB(one from mother, one from father). Blood type is an example of multiple alleles because
there are more
than
two
alleles
for
the
trait.
For
blood
type,
the
three
alleles
produce
four
phenotypes.
Each
· The
allele
causes
thetrait.
A antigen
to betype,
place
the outside
of the red
blood
cells. Each
there are more
thanItwo
alleles
for the
For blood
theonthree
alleles produce
four
phenotypes.
blood
type (phenotype) results
from
the
combination of
of two of
of the
the alleles,
alleles,because
becauseevery
everyperson
personcan
canonly
onlyhave
have
blood type ·(phenotype)
results
from
the combination
The
i allele
cannot
produce
antigens,
so two
red type
blood
cells
have no antigens.
two
alleles
(one
from
mom
and
one
from
dad).
Your
blood
was
established
before
you
were
born,
by
genes
two alleles (one from mom and one from dad). Your blood type was established before you were born, by genes
7) If the blood
plasma
had
antibody
A,
what
type
of
blood
would
the
immune
system
inherited
or blood
blood group
group isisaaclassification
classificationofofblood
bloodbased
basedonon
inheritedfrom
fromyour
yourmother
motherand
andfather.
father. A
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blood type
type or
attack? __________
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on
the
surface
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red
blood
cells.
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blood
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gene
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different
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hasoftwo
of these
there
arehas
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antigens onEveryone
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blood cells.
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8) How are antibodies related to the A
t ype of blood a person can receive? ___________
A
B
A
· · The
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thered
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_____________________________________________________________________
BB
· · The
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allele
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the
A
to
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the
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ofthe
thered
red
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antigen
tothey
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on
outside
of
blood
dominant
to
other,
which
means
are both
equally
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six cells.
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A single gene controls
the ABO
blood
type
system
with
three
Twothat
of the
alleles
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·antibody
iallele
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antigens,
so
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blood cells
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noantigens.
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(I , Ihad
) and
theThe
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gene encodes
an enzyme
7)are
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blood plasma
A, what
type(i)ofisblood
would produce
the
immune
system
·
The
i
allele
cannot
produce
antigens,
so
red
four
blood types
(phenotypes):
Type
A, B, AB, and O. Fill in the Punnett square below to
glycosyltransferase
that possible
modifies carbohydrates
that make
up the red blood cell
antigens.
attack? __________
A B copies of these genes, so there are six possible combinations of alleles (called
has
two
Since there are two ofEveryone
the
dominant alleles,
Itwo
I genotype
expresses
codominance.
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Everyone
has
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of
these
genes,
so
8)three
How genotypes
are antibodies
related
the phenotypes,
t ype ofall
bloodof
aA,person
can
receive?
___________
demonstrate
the
possible
genotypes
for the
B
result
in to
four
B,
and
O. Fill
in the
Punnett
square
genotypes).
The
isisAB,
recessive
to
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andblood
the IIBtypes.
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TheIIAAallele
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co-dominant
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recessive
to the
the
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and
the
allele.
below and then
answer its corresponding
questions.
_____________________________________________________________________
to
each
other,
which
means
that
they
are
both
equally
expressed.
The
six
genotypes
result
in
four
possible
blood
to
each
other,
which
means
that
they
are
both
expressed.
The
six
genotypes
result
in
four
possible
blood
A type systemB with three alleles. Two of the alleles
A single gene controls the ABO blood
Iallele
I
iencodes an enzyme
are dominant types
(IAtypes
, IB) and(phenotypes):
the
third
(i)
is
recessive.
The
gene
Type
A,
B,
AB,
and
O.
Punnett
squares
illustrate
all
the
possible
combinations
of
alleles
(phenotypes): Type A, B, AB,What
and O.genotype(s)
squares
all phenotype
the possibleType
combinations
of alleles anan
wouldillustrate
create the
A?
glycosyltransferase that modifies carbohydrates that make up the red blood cell antigens.
A
B
offspring
may
receive
from
its
genotypes of
of the
theoffspring.
offspring.Fill
Fillininthe
thePunnett
PunnettSquare
Square
offspring
may
receive
from
itsparents—the
parents—the
Since there are
two
of the dominant
alleles,
I I genotype
expresses
codominance. The possible genotypes
Ain four phenotypes, A, B, AB, and O. Fill in the Punnett square
three genotypes result
I
below
to
demonstrate
all
of
the
possible
genotypes
for
the
blood
types.
below
to demonstrate
blood types.
below and then answer
its corresponding
questions. all of the possible genotypes
Homework
 Blood
Typing: Immunoassay (back of
WS)—not accepted late
 Inheriting
Blood Types WS—not
accepted late
 Two
point Extra Credit Challenge Q-graded by completion and accuracy—
not accepted late